高性能铝青铜合金的制备及其腐蚀与磨损性能研究进展
作者简介:
万浩(1989—),男,江苏泰州人,博士,副教授,研究方向:工程材料制备及失效分析,E-mail:
基金项目:
泰州市科技支撑计划项目(TS202403); 江苏省“六大人才高峰”项目(XCL-265)资助
中图分类号:
TG146.1+1
文献标识码:
A
流转信息 | 收稿日期 : 2025-06-06 修订日期 : 2025-07-17 |
引文格式:
万浩,陈悦,张修旷,蔡安琦,吴国荣,杨婉婷. 高性能铝青铜合金的制备及其腐蚀与磨损性能研究进展[J]. 铜业工程,2026(1):59-75.
摘要
铝青铜合金是在铜中添加主要合金元素铝以及镍、铁等其他合金元素所形成的一类青铜合金。铝青铜合金具有良好的力学性能、耐磨性能和耐蚀性能,常作为齿轮、阀门、螺旋桨等零件材料,在工程领域得到广泛应用。工业技术的快速发展,对铝青铜的各项性能提出了更高要求。传统铸态铝青铜由于铸造缺陷的存在以及复杂的多相结构,在特定的服役环境下易出现失效行为,需根据服役条件的要求,有针对性地对合金的组成、微观结构和性能进行优化与改进。本文围绕铝青铜合金的微观结构特征,制备工艺以及力学、腐蚀和磨损性能之间的内在联系,综述了近年来利用合金化处理、热处理、增材制造、表面改性处理等工艺制备高性能铝青铜的研究进展,重点总结与分析了不同工艺条件下铝青铜的耐蚀性能和摩擦磨损性能,并对其后续研究方向进行了展望。
关键词
铝青铜;显微组织;力学性能;腐蚀性能;磨损性能;
Research Progress on Preparation of High-performance Aluminum Bronze Alloys and Their Corrosion and Wear Properties
Citations
WAN Hao,CHEN Yue,ZHANG Xiukuang,CAI Anqi,WU Guorong,YANG Wanting. Research progress on preparation of high-performance aluminum bronze alloys and their corrosion and wear properties[J]. Copper Engineering,2026(1):59-75.
Abstract
Aluminum bronze alloys are a type of bronze alloy formed by mainly adding aluminum to copper, along with other alloying elements such as nickel and iron. Aluminum bronze alloys feature excellent mechanical properties, wear resistance and corrosion resistance, and are widely used as gears, valves and propellers. With rapid advancement of industrial technology, increasingly stringent requirements are being imposed on various properties of aluminum bronze. For traditional as-cast aluminum bronze, the presence of casting defects combined with complex multiphase structure makes it susceptible to failure under specific service conditions. The composition, microstructure, and properties of the alloy should be systematically optimized and improved in a targeted manner to meet specific requirements of service conditions. This paper investigated intrinsic relationship among preparation process, microstructural characteristics, as well as mechanical, corrosion, and wear properties of aluminum bronze alloys. It provided a comprehensive review of recent advancements in the development of high-performance aluminum bronzes through alloying, heat treatment, additive manufacturing, surface modification, and other processes. Corrosion resistance and friction-wear resistance of aluminum bronze under various technological conditions were systematically summarized and analyzed before potential future research directions were outlined.
Keywords
aluminum bronze;microstructure;mechanical property;corrosion property;wear property;
铝青铜是利用Al,Ni等元素与Cu合金化得到的一类青铜合金,不但具有优良的铸造性能、力学性能、抗蚀性能和耐磨性能,其价格相较锡青铜、铍青铜等更为便宜,因而在机械制造、海洋工程等领域应用广泛[
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由于复杂多元铝青铜合金的组成元素较多,在冷却过程中会析出不同的相,因而其室温组织由多种相构成[
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图1(a)为Cu-Al二元相图Al侧部分,可见Al含量低于7.4%的二元简单铝青铜合金,其在室温下为α单相组织[
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多元复杂铝青铜合金的典型微观组织主要由α相、β'相和κ相构成[图1(b)][
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图2为亚共析镍铝青铜Cu-11Al-6Ni-5Fe-1Mn在平衡结晶过程中的相转变示意图,Pisarek[
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通过对铝青铜合金中元素的种类、含量等进行优化,调控合金的微观结构,可提升铝青铜合金力学性能、腐蚀性能、磨损性能等,满足特定工况条件。下面将分析讨论不同合金元素对铝青铜合金性能的影响。
1)Al元素的作用。对于Al含量低于7.4%的铝青铜,其室温组织通常只有α相。因此,此时的合金具有良好的韧性和塑性,但强度和硬度值较低。当Al含量高于7.4%时,合金中会出现β相,其所占比例会随Al含量的升高而增大。β相是一种高温相,会在降温过程中通过共析分解形成α+γ2相。值得注意的是,在海水、氯化物溶液等腐蚀介质中,γ2相会成为阳极且先被腐蚀,使合金出现脱Al腐蚀现象。
2)Ni元素的作用。在铝青铜中添加Ni元素有利于提高其机械性能及耐蚀性能等[
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3)Fe元素的作用。少量的Fe元素可以细化铝青铜晶粒,提高合金的力学性能和耐磨性能[
JIN F,YIN T Y,ZHANG S,et al. Effect of Ni and Fe elements on microstructure and high temperature oxidation behavior of laser cladding aluminum bronze coating[J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics,2023,297:127383.
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4)Mn元素的作用。在铝青铜中加入Mn元素可以稳定β相区,降低共析转变温度,延缓共析转变[
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5)其他合金元素的作用。在铝青铜中,添加Zn元素有扩大α相区范围的作用。少量的Zn会以合金化的形式强化合金,但过量添加则会造成严重的塑性损失[
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在利用合金化来提升铝青铜性能的同时,研究者们还结合热处理、增材制造、表面改性等来进一步强韧化铝青铜合金。例如,孙业成等[
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增材制造是一种通过逐层堆叠材料的方法来获得块体或零件的制造技术,可以有效提高材料的致密性及组织均匀性[
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激光或电子束基增材制造具有更快的冷却速率,所获得铝青铜合金的微观结构主要由β'马氏体和纳米级κ相组成[
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对铝青铜合金进行表面改性处理,优化表层微观结构,提高合金的使用性能,近年来也获得越来越多的关注。铝青铜的表面改性方法主要包括:表面搅拌摩擦加工[
LI Y,LIAN Y,SUN Y J. Comparison of cavitation erosion behaviors between the as-cast and friction stir processed Ni–Al bronze in distilled water and artificial seawater[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology,2021,13:906-918.
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GAO Y,YANG W Y,HUANG Z Z,et al. Effects of residual stress and surface roughness on the fatigue life of nickel aluminium bronze alloy under laser shock peening[J]. Engineering Fracture Mechanics,2021,244:107524.
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WAN S M,CUI X F,JIN Q W,et al. Microstructure and properties of cold sprayed aluminum bronze coating on MBLS10A-200 magnesium-lithium alloy[J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics,2022,281:125832.
史周琨,徐丽萍,张吉阜,等. 超音速火焰喷涂铝青铜涂层微动磨损行为[J]. 表面技术,2021,50(11):226-232,278.
王荣城,王文宇,殷凤仕,等. 铜及其合金表面涂层技术与增材制造技术研究进展[J]. 材料导报,2021,35(19):19142-19152.
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GUO N,GAO Y,GAO Y K,et al. Microstructure and properties of in-situ nickel-aluminum bronze coating by underwater wire-feed laser cladding[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology,2023,25:6459-6471.
GAO Y,YANG W Y,HUANG Z Z,et al. Effects of residual stress and surface roughness on the fatigue life of nickel aluminium bronze alloy under laser shock peening[J]. Engineering Fracture Mechanics,2021,244:107524.
QIN Z B,XIA D H,ZHANG Y W,et al. Microstructure modification and improving corrosion resistance of laser surface quenched nickel–aluminum bronze alloy[J]. Corrosion Science,2020,174:108744.
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简单铝青铜合金中加入Ni,Fe和Mn等合金元素形成的多元复杂铝青铜,具有良好的力学性能,同时在海洋服役环境下也具有较好的耐蚀性能,在海洋装备领域应用广泛。然而,多元复杂铝青铜中的多相构成以及海洋环境的复杂性,使其在服役过程中面临选相腐蚀、空化腐蚀(空蚀)等诸多挑战,相关的腐蚀行为研究已成为当前关注的焦点。李慧琳等[
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在静态海水腐蚀条件下,选相腐蚀是镍铝青铜最常发生的一种腐蚀形式。这是因为镍铝青铜中不同相之间存在电势值差异(Eβ≈Eα>EκⅢ>EκⅣ>EκⅡ>EκⅠ),而电势低的物相会充当阳极先被腐蚀[
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在实际海洋环境工况下,运行中的镍铝青铜件如螺旋桨、叶片等还会受到空蚀所带来的材料表面损伤[
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研究表明,铝青铜合金的微观结构对其腐蚀性能影响显著。通过成分优化设计[
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ZHAI W Z,LI J J,ZHOU R H,et al. Improved corrosion resistance of nickel-aluminum bronze by electron beam powder bed fusion[J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics,2023,296:127225.
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此外,不同表面改性技术条件下铝青铜合金的抗腐蚀性能研究近来也备受关注,图7为镍铝青铜中常见的腐蚀行为及表面改性强化技术[
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张弘扬等[
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由上可见,随着海洋工程领域的不断发展,在增材制造、表面改性技术等工艺条件下,铝青铜合金的耐海洋环境腐蚀研究备受关注。不过,不同工艺参数对腐蚀行为的影响规律以及内在腐蚀机理研究还有待深入。
铝青铜合金软质基体+硬质相的微观结构,使其成为一种优异的耐磨材料,主要用于制造面对摩擦磨损工况的零部件,如蜗轮、蜗杆、轴承等。因此,铝青铜除耐蚀性能之外,其摩擦磨损性能也备受科研工作者关注[
LIU X H,HUANG D Y,YAN C H,et al. Multi-directional forging and aging treatment effects on friction and wear characterization of aluminium-bronze alloy[J]. Materials Characterization,2020,167:110511.
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李辉,闫金顺. QAl10-4-4铝青铜高温干摩擦磨损特性研究与参数优化[J]. 特种铸造及有色合金,2022,42(2):190-194.
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杨晨星,李付伟,刘汇河,等. 固溶时效处理对QAl10-3-1.5合金力学及摩擦磨损性能的影响[J]. 轴承,2025(1):76-81.
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WANG G C,YANG X H,GENG J Y,et al. Effect of Al0.3CoFeNi content on microstructure,corrosion resistance,and friction performance of aluminium bronze coatings[J]. Surfaces and Interfaces,2025,56:105748.
YIN T Y,ZHANG S,WANG Z Y,et al. Effect of laser energy density on microstructural evolution and wear resistance of modified aluminum bronze coatings fabricated by laser cladding[J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics,2022,285:126191.
LIU H T,ZHAO Q Q,DAI Y L,et al. Enhancing corrosion and wear resistance of nickel–aluminum bronze through laser-cladded amorphous-crystalline composite coating[J]. Smart Materials in Manufacturing,2024,2:100046.
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万浩等[
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金孔杰等[
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Ye等[
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Li等[
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本文对铝青铜合金的微观结构特征以及降温过程中的组织转变进行了回顾,梳理了合金化处理、热处理、增材制造以及表面改性处理等工艺对铝青铜合金的强韧化作用,并对不同工艺条件下铝青铜耐蚀性能和摩擦磨损性能的研究进展进行了重点分析。研究发现,铝青铜性能提升的核心在于通过控制工艺参数,精准调控铝青铜合金的微观结构,以满足相关的性能要求。不过,不同工艺条件下特别是增材制造以及表面改性处理铝青铜合金的耐蚀性能以及耐磨性能还有待深入,并提出以下建议:
1)在新工艺如电弧增材制造、激光粉末床熔融等条件下制备铝青铜时因为对连续相变过程掌握仍不够透彻,需要进一步探索工艺参数变化与组织结构演化的内在联系,进而根据使用性能要求对合金的微观结构进行精准调控。
2)增材制造过程中形成的气孔及氧化夹杂缺陷会降低铝青铜合金的致密性与耐蚀性,多层沉积热积累导致的残余应力集中易造成构件的翘曲或开裂。对此,需要开发智能补偿算法实时调控热输入以及层间冷却速率,提高工艺稳定性和工程应用的可靠性。
3)在表面改性处理铝青铜合金过程中,存在均匀性差、性能协同矛盾等问题。例如,超声表面滚压处理后会导致表层残余压应力梯度的陡变,在应力集中区域易萌生疲劳裂纹。利用激光熔覆技术制备的高硬度改性层,容易在磨损过程中因韧塑性问题发生脆性剥落。对此,可以从工艺的智能调控、表层材料的梯度结构设计等方面来协调表面层耐磨性与界面可靠性的问题。
4)在不同工艺处理条件下,工艺参数对力学、腐蚀、摩擦磨损等行为的影响规律以及内在机理还有待深入研究。对此可尝试基于最新的研究成果,通过不同工艺组合使用时的互补效应来突破单一技术的局限,协同提升铝青铜合金的综合性能。
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