Marine Equipment and Technology Institute,Jiangsu University of Science and Technology,Zhenjiang212003,China
Citations
WANG Qiuping,GUAN Jieren,WANG Rui. Deformation behavior and constitutive models of thermal compressed CuSn10P1 alloy[J]. Copper Engineering,2025(6):1-11.
Abstract
The thermal compressed deformation experiments of as-cast CuSn10P1 alloy were conducted based on the Gleeble-3500 thermo-mechanical simulation testing platform. The thermal compressed deformation behavior of as-cast CuSn10P1 alloy was systematically explored at the deformation temperature range of 450~550 ℃ and strain rate of 0.01~1 s−1. By analyzing the effect of the coupling temperature and strain rate on the true stress-true strain curve, the constitutive model of the alloy was established, and the activation energy of thermal deformation and critical conditions of dynamic recrystallization were determined. Flow stress was negatively correlated with the deformation temperature and positively correlated with the strain rate. According to the model fitting calculation, the thermal deformation activation energy (Q) and stress index (n) of as-cast CuSn10P1 alloy were 224.52 kJ/mol and 3.8037, respectively, indicating that the hot deformation mechanism was dislocation climb considering the results of microstructure characterization. The dynamic recrystallization behavior was more likely to be triggered under the conditions of high temperature and low strain rate.
作为一种有色金属合金,铜锡合金因其较小的铸造收缩率而被用于生产气密性要求低、轮廓清晰、形状复杂的铸件[ 刘峰,马吉苗,罗毅,等. 高性能超细晶高锡磷青铜合金组织及性能研究[J]. 铜业工程,2023(4):94-101. WANG Q P,ZHOU R F,GUAN J R,et al. The deformation compatibility and recrystallisation behaviour of the alloy CuSn10P1[J]. Materials Characterization,2021,174:110940. 陈岩,胡斐斐,刘昆,等. C5240铜合金加工过程的组织演变与力学性能[J]. 铜业工程,2021(6):1-5. 1-3]。由于锡的加入,铜锡合金具有较高的强度,优良的电导率和导热性,大的弹性模量,以及良好的耐磨、耐腐蚀性能,在交通运输、电力电子等行业有越来越多的需求和应用[ 刘兴军,王翠萍,甘世溪,等. 高性能铜合金热力学数据库的开发及其在材料设计中的应用[J]. 中国有色金属学报,2011,21(10):2511-2522. 贾淑果,刘平,郑茂盛,等. 铜合金固溶强化的电子理论解释[J]. 中国有色金属学报,2008,18(8):1522-1526. LIU Y X,WANG L,JIANG K,et al. Electro-deposition preparation of self-standing Cu-Sn alloy anode electrode for lithium ion battery[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2019,775:818-825. SINGH J B,CAI W,BELLON P. Dry sliding of Cu-15wt%Ni-8wt%Sn bronze:wear behaviour and microstructures[J]. Wear,2007,263(1/2/3/4/5/6):830-841. 4-7]。目前,具有固溶强化优点的高强度铜锡合金正在开发中。通过动态再结晶控制铜锡合金的高温变形,可以进一步提高合金的力学性能。
CuSn10P1合金具有强度高、弹性模量大、摩擦系数低、耐磨耐蚀性好等优点,适用于重载、高速、高温并受强烈摩擦的工况,是制作衬套、轴套、轴承座、齿轮、蜗轮等零部件的优良原材料。目前,国内外对于CuSn10P1合金的研究主要集中在工艺改善、性能强化等方面。Li等[ LI Y K,ZHOU R F,LI L,et al. Microstructure and properties of semi-solid ZCuSn10P1 alloy processed with an enclosed cooling slope channel[J]. Metals,2018,8(4):275. 8]采用熔体约束流动诱导形核法制备CuSn10P1合金半固态坯料,其显微组织形貌为蠕虫状晶或等轴状晶,且其晶间偏析和逆偏析现象得到明显改善。陈泽邦等[ 陈泽邦,肖寒,李乃拥,等. 挤压速率对流变挤压铸造铜合金轴套零件组织和力学性能的影响[J]. 材料研究学报,2018,32(1):73-80. 9]通过应变诱导熔化激活法(SIMA)成功制备ZCuSn10P1合金半固态浆料,研究了挤压速率对组织均匀性的影响,通过控制成形比压,抗拉强度和延伸率显著提升。在工业生产中,通常要对坯料进行热轧、热锻等加工以提高其性能,而铸态CuSn10P1合金经过锻打拔长、热轧工艺后容易产生开裂、断裂问题[ 王佳. 冷轧-部分重熔CuSn10P1组织演变机理及其半固态浆料充型热物理模拟[D]. 昆明:昆明理工大学,2017. 10]。现阶段,关于该合金在热加工过程中热变形行为的研究较少,建立能够反映铸态CuSn10P1合金塑性变形能力的本构方程,对于控制变形过程和改善塑性成形能力有着十分重要的意义。
流变应力反映了塑性加工性能[ TAN J C,TAN M J. Dynamic continuous recrystallization characteristics in two stage deformation of Mg-3Al-1Zn alloy sheet[J]. Materials Science and Engineering:A,2003,339(1-2):124-132. 11],是判断热变形能力的重要标准。理想条件下,金属合金的流变应力模型能精确描述变形工艺参数和流变行为的关系[ MOLINARI A,RAVICHANDRAN G. Constitutive modeling of high-strain-rate deformation in metals based on the evolution of an effective microstructural length[J]. Mechanics of Materials,2005,37(7):737-752. 12]。王庆娟等[ 王庆娟,刘锋,杜忠泽,等. Cu-Cr-Zr合金的热变形行为[J]. 稀有金属,2013,37(5):687-694. 13]针对Cu-Cr-Zr合金体系开展了热压缩变形研究,揭示了其流变应力与变形温度呈负相关、与应变速率呈正相关的典型特征。毛玉欣等[ 毛玉欣,许俊峰,苏铁熊. Cu-Sn-P合金热压缩过程中的显微组织演变规律[J]. 金属热处理,2019,44(4):5-9. 14]研究了CuSn7P合金在热压缩过程中的组织演变规律,发现随着变形温度的升高,织构极密度值增大,存在晶粒择优取向。胡海莲等[ 胡海莲,肖寒,王佳,等. 半固态ZCuSn10铜合金坯料单向压缩变形行为及显微组织[J]. 中国有色金属学报,2015,25(5):1193-1199. 15]研究了应变诱导激活法制备ZCuSn10铜合金的压缩变形行为,结果表明,变形温度对峰值应力影响较大,对稳态应力影响较小。肖寒等[ 肖寒,陈泽邦,胡海莲,等. 半固态铜合金单向压缩变形本构模型研究[J]. 材料导报,2016,30(20):139-143. 16]通过分析半固态ZCuSn10合金的真应力-真应变曲线,阐明了流变应力对变形参数的响应规律,指出在恒定变形温度及应变速率下,流变应力随应变量增加呈现先快速上升后缓慢下降的双阶段演化特征,并据此构建了该合金的本构关系模型。相关研究表明[ 刘允中,李志龙,顾才鑫. 7050铝合金半固态压缩变形行为及组织演变[J]. 金属学报,2013,49(12):1597-1603. CHEN Y N,YUAN Z W,ZHAN H F,et al. Unexpected dynamic recrystallization behavior of Ti-7Cu alloy in semi-solid state[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2017,712:468-476. 17-18],常规铸态合金在进行热压缩的过程中会出现再结晶晶粒,且发生动态再结晶的行为与变形温度、应变速率存在关联性。可见铸态CuSn10P1合金的临界再结晶条件对于其在热加工领域的应用具有重要价值。
Fig. 3 True stress-true strain curves of CuSn10P1 alloy at different strain rates:(a) T=450 ℃;(b) T=500 ℃;(c) T=550 ℃
2.2 CuSn10P1合金流变应力本构方程的建立
热压缩变形过程中的流变应力受两方面因素的影响:1)材料本身的特性,包括化学成分、组织结构等;2)热变形工艺条件,包括变形温度、应变速率、应变量等。流变应力σ可用式(1)表达[ LUTON M J,SELLARS C M. Dynamic recrystallization in nickel and nickel-iron alloys during high temperature deformation[J]. Acta Metallurgica,1969,17(8):1033-1043. 21]:
在热变形过程中表述金属流变应力的数学模型通常包括Sah模型[ SAH J P,RICHARDSON G J,SELLARS C M. Quantitative correlation between high temperature strength & the kinetics of dynamic recrystallization[J]. Indian Journal of Technology,1973,11(10):445-450. PUCHI E S,STAIA M H. High temperature deformation of commercial purity aluminum[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,1998,29(9):2345-2359. 22-23]、含有Z参数的函数模型[ ZENER C,HOLLOMON J H. Effect of strain rate upon plastic flow of steel[J]. Journal of Applied Physics,1944,15(1):22-32. FROST H J,ASHBY M F. Deformation mechanism maps:the plasticity and creep of metals and ceramics[M]. Pergamon press,1982. MEDINA S F,HERNANDEZ C A. Modelling of the dynamic recrystallization of austenite in low alloy and microalloyed steels[J]. Acta Materialia,1996,44(1):165-171. 24-26]和Zuzin-Browman模型[ FRANCK R E,HAWK J A. Effect of very high temperatures on the mechanical properties of Al-Fe-V-Si alloy[J]. Scripta Metallurgica,1989,23(1):113-118. 27]。考虑热变形条件的作用,本研究采用含有Z参数的函数模型研究铸态CuSn10P1合金的流变行为。
对于铸态CuSn10P1合金的热塑性变形,低应力水平下(ασ<0.8)和高应力水平下(ασ>1.2)的流变应力和应变速率之间的关系分别用式(3)和式(4)表示[ GAROFALO F. An empirical relation defining the stress dependence of minimum creep rate in metals[J]. Trans AIME,1963,227(227):351-356. 28]:
式(3)
式(4)
式中,B1、B2、β和n1为常数,与温度无关。
为了提高温度以扩大应用范围,Zener-Hollomon等[ MEDINA S F,HERNANDEZ C A. General expression of the Zener-Hollomon parameter as a function of the chemical composition of low alloy and microalloyed steels[J]. Acta Materialia,1996,44(1):137-148. 29]引入温度补偿应变速率因子Z来描述热变形条件,见式(5):
式(5)
热变形过程受热激活控制,因此,可用包含材料热变形激活能Q(kJ/mol)和绝对温度T(K)的双曲正弦函数来描述材料的热激活行为,其流变行为如式(6),描述为变形温度T、流变应力σ和应变速率的关系[ MEDINA S F,HERNANDEZ C A. General expression of the Zener-Hollomon parameter as a function of the chemical composition of low alloy and microalloyed steels[J]. Acta Materialia,1996,44(1):137-148. ABBASI S M,SHOKUHFAR A. Prediction of hot deformation behaviour of 10Cr-10Ni-5Mo-2Cu steel[J]. Materials Letters,2007,61(11/12):2523-2526. MENG G,LI B L,LI H M,et al. Hot deformation and processing maps of an Al-5.7wt%Mg alloy with erbium[J]. Materials Science and Engineering:A,2009,517(1/2):132-137. 29-31]:
在热塑性变形过程中,热激活控制材料的应变速率、峰值应力和应变速率之间的关系,可用指数关系、幂指数关系以及双曲正弦函数关系来表示[ SPIGARELLI S,EVANGELISTA E,MCQUEEN H J. Study of hot workability of a heat treated AA6082 aluminum alloy[J]. Scripta Materialia,2003,49(2):179-183. 33],对式(3,4,6)两边取对数并整理得式(7,8,9):
热变形激活能是一个能反映热塑性加工难易程度的物理参数,其值越高,热变形加工越不容易进行[ MCQUEEN H J. Substructural influence in the hot rolling of Al alloys[J]. JOM,1998,50(6):28-33. 34]。根据Arrhenius理论,热变形激活能代表原子克服能量势垒的能力,与金属自扩散激活能相近的变形机制为位错攀移[ WATANABE T,HASEGAWA N,TANABE Y. Misfit twin crystals and misfit dislocations in chromium films deposited on (001) copper substrates[J]. Transactions of the Japan Institute of Metals,1984,25(8):531-537. 35]。从计算结果可得,铸态CuSn10P1合金的热变形激活能Q为224.52 kJ/mol,与纯铜的自扩散激活能(210 kJ/mol[ WU B,LI M Q,MA D W. The flow behavior and constitutive equations in isothermal compression of 7050 aluminum alloy[J]. Materials Science and Engineering:A,2012,542:79-87. 36])相比,提高了6.9%,可初步判断热变形机制是位错攀移[ MCQUEEN H J. Substructural influence in the hot rolling of Al alloys[J]. JOM,1998,50(6):28-33. 34]。
由于铸态CuSn10P1合金的热变形激活能均大于纯铜的自扩散激活能,结合流变应力曲线数据分析发现,铸态CuSn10P1合金在热压缩过程中发生了动态再结晶。理论上通常认为动态再结晶在应力-应变曲线的峰值应力区开始发生,而实际上在应变量达到峰值应力所对应的峰值应变之前就已经发生动态再结晶[ ABBASI S M,SHOKUHFAR A. Prediction of hot deformation behaviour of 10Cr-10Ni-5Mo-2Cu steel[J]. Materials Letters,2007,61(11/12):2523-2526. MENG G,LI B L,LI H M,et al. Hot deformation and processing maps of an Al-5.7wt%Mg alloy with erbium[J]. Materials Science and Engineering:A,2009,517(1/2):132-137. 30-31]。本研究根据Poliak和Jonas[ POLIAK E I,JONAS J J. A one-parameter approach to determining the critical conditions for the initiation of dynamic recrystallization[J]. Acta Materialia,1996,44(1):127-136. 38]建立的模型,引入应变硬化率θ(θ=dσ/dε),并对θ~σ曲线进行微分,得到,发现曲线最低点所对应的流变应力即为动态再结晶临界应力σc,由此可确定对应的εc值[ 黄光杰,钱宝华,汪凌云,等. AZ31 镁合金初始动态再结晶的临界条件研究[J]. 稀有金属材料与工程,2007,36(12):2080-2083. 39],见式(17)。
WANGQ P,ZHOUR F,GUANJ R,et al. The deformation compatibility and recrystallisation behaviour of the alloy CuSn10P1[J]. Materials Characterization,2021,174:110940.
LIUY X,WANGL,JIANGK,et al. Electro-deposition preparation of self-standing Cu-Sn alloy anode electrode for lithium ion battery[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2019,775:818-825.
[7]
SINGHJ B,CAIW,BELLONP. Dry sliding of Cu-15wt%Ni-8wt%Sn bronze:wear behaviour and microstructures[J]. Wear,2007,263(1/2/3/4/5/6):830-841.
[8]
LIY K,ZHOUR F,LIL,et al. Microstructure and properties of semi-solid ZCuSn10P1 alloy processed with an enclosed cooling slope channel[J]. Metals,2018,8(4):275.
TANJ C,TANM J. Dynamic continuous recrystallization characteristics in two stage deformation of Mg-3Al-1Zn alloy sheet[J]. Materials Science and Engineering:A,2003,339(1-2):124-132.
[12]
MOLINARIA,RAVICHANDRANG. Constitutive modeling of high-strain-rate deformation in metals based on the evolution of an effective microstructural length[J]. Mechanics of Materials,2005,37(7):737-752.
CHENY N,YUANZ W,ZHANH F,et al. Unexpected dynamic recrystallization behavior of Ti-7Cu alloy in semi-solid state[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2017,712:468-476.
LUTONM J,SELLARSC M. Dynamic recrystallization in nickel and nickel-iron alloys during high temperature deformation[J]. Acta Metallurgica,1969,17(8):1033-1043.
[22]
SAHJ P,RICHARDSONG J,SELLARSC M. Quantitative correlation between high temperature strength & the kinetics of dynamic recrystallization[J]. Indian Journal of Technology,1973,11(10):445-450.
[23]
PUCHIE S,STAIAM H. High temperature deformation of commercial purity aluminum[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,1998,29(9):2345-2359.
[24]
ZENERC,HOLLOMONJ H. Effect of strain rate upon plastic flow of steel[J]. Journal of Applied Physics,1944,15(1):22-32.
[25]
FROSTH J,ASHBYM F. Deformation mechanism maps:the plasticity and creep of metals and ceramics[M]. Pergamon press,1982.
[26]
MEDINAS F,HERNANDEZC A. Modelling of the dynamic recrystallization of austenite in low alloy and microalloyed steels[J]. Acta Materialia,1996,44(1):165-171.
[27]
FRANCKR E,HAWKJ A. Effect of very high temperatures on the mechanical properties of Al-Fe-V-Si alloy[J]. Scripta Metallurgica,1989,23(1):113-118.
[28]
GAROFALOF. An empirical relation defining the stress dependence of minimum creep rate in metals[J]. Trans AIME,1963,227(227):351-356.
[29]
MEDINAS F,HERNANDEZC A. General expression of the Zener-Hollomon parameter as a function of the chemical composition of low alloy and microalloyed steels[J]. Acta Materialia,1996,44(1):137-148.
[30]
ABBASIS M,SHOKUHFARA. Prediction of hot deformation behaviour of 10Cr-10Ni-5Mo-2Cu steel[J]. Materials Letters,2007,61(11/12):2523-2526.
[31]
MENGG,LIB L,LIH M,et al. Hot deformation and processing maps of an Al-5.7wt%Mg alloy with erbium[J]. Materials Science and Engineering:A,2009,517(1/2):132-137.
SPIGARELLIS,EVANGELISTAE,MCQUEENH J. Study of hot workability of a heat treated AA6082 aluminum alloy[J]. Scripta Materialia,2003,49(2):179-183.
[34]
MCQUEENH J. Substructural influence in the hot rolling of Al alloys[J]. JOM,1998,50(6):28-33.
[35]
WATANABET,HASEGAWAN,TANABEY. Misfit twin crystals and misfit dislocations in chromium films deposited on (001) copper substrates[J]. Transactions of the Japan Institute of Metals,1984,25(8):531-537.
[36]
WUB,LIM Q,MAD W. The flow behavior and constitutive equations in isothermal compression of 7050 aluminum alloy[J]. Materials Science and Engineering:A,2012,542:79-87.
[37]
刘文义. 7085铝合金的热加工力学行为及微观组织演变规律研究[D]. 南宁:广西大学,2017.
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POLIAKE I,JONASJ J. A one-parameter approach to determining the critical conditions for the initiation of dynamic recrystallization[J]. Acta Materialia,1996,44(1):127-136.