1.School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering,Qingdao University of Technology,Qingdao266520,China
2.Qingdao Songling Power Environmental Equipment Co.,Ltd.,Qingdao266520,China
Citations
Meng Gang,Cui Jiacheng,Zuo Zongliang,Zhang Kaiqian,Luo Siyi,Qiu Yukun,Yan Yunshu. Progress in the application of modified metallurgical slag in wastewater purification treatment [J]. Copper Engineering,2026(4):80-86.
Abstract
Resource utilization of modified metallurgical slag, as an important solution for solid waste disposal in metallurgical industry, shows significant potential for application in wastewater purification and treatment. This paper reviewed research progress on enhancing adsorption and catalytic properties of modified metallurgical slag through physical and chemical modification methods, and systematically analyzed the treatment mechanism and efficiency in treating organic pollutants (e.g., aniline, dyes) and inorganic pollutants (e.g., heavy metals, phosphates). The study showed that the modified metallurgical slag can efficiently remove pollutants from water by virtue of its porous structure, abundant active sites and surface chemical properties, realizing the environmental protection goal of 'treating waste with waste'. The technology had advantages such as low cost, high stability and low risk of secondary pollution, providing an innovative solution for the green transformation of water treatment industry and resource recycling. In the future, it is necessary to further optimize the modification process and to explore strategies for synergistic management of multiple pollutants.
随着全球工业化进程的加速,水污染问题日益严峻。工业废水、农业面源污染及城市生活污水中普遍存在重金属(如Pb2+、Cd2+、Cr3+、Cu2+)、有机污染物(如苯胺、染料、多环芳烃)以及氮磷营养盐,各类污染物特性见表1[ Zhong W Z,Hao W C,Liang S H,et al. Catalytic ozonation of polyethylene glycol in aqueous solution by copper slag:efficiency,active substances and mechanisms[J]. Journal of Water Process Engineering,2024,59:104958. 1]。污染物种类繁多且危害极大,既威胁水生生态系统的稳定性,又通过食物链富集对人类健康构成潜在威胁。在这一背景下,开发低成本、高效且环境友好的新型水处理材料成为环境工程领域的迫切需求。
表1 污水中污染物的分类及毒性
Table 1 Classification and toxicity of pollutants in sewage
冶金渣通常富含活性金属组分,并具有优异的过硫酸盐活化能力。但值得注意的是,其表面沉积的钙氧化物和硅氧化物会显著抑制催化效能。为提升其催化性能,研究人员开发了多种改性技术,主要包括酸处理法以及还原法等。这些方法可通过对冶金渣进行表面改性,改变其表面特性和化学组成,优化孔隙结构并增强活性位点,进而提升其催化活性[ Yang L Y,Yang M M,Xu P,et al. Characteristics of nitrate removal from aqueous solution by modified steel slag[J]. Water,2017,9(10):757. Yu Y H,Du C M,Fan S L,et al. Acid-leaching separation of phosphorus from the BOF slag modified with Al2O3[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering,2022,10(5):108394. Jiang P G,Liu J S,Xiao Y Y,et al. Recovery of iron from copper slag via modified roasting in CO–CO2 mixed gas and magnetic separation[J]. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International,2020,27(7):796-806. Rao L,Dong Y C,Gui M C,et al. Growth,stratification,and liberation of phosphorus-rich C2S in modified BOF steel slag[J]. Materials,2020,13(1):203. Wang G F,Xiang J,Liang G C,et al. Application of common industrial solid waste in water treatment:a review[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2023,30(52):111766-111801. 13-17]。同时,该过程还可实现固废资源化。
3.1 酸改性
Lei等[ Lei X F,Xue X X. Preparation,characterization and photocatalytic activity of sulfuric acid-modified titanium-bearing blast furnace slag[J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2010,20(12):2294-2298. 18]采用高能球磨法,将含钛高炉渣与硫酸混合球磨,干燥后在400~700 ℃煅烧,制备硫酸改性含钛高炉渣,反应机制见式(1)。与未改性的含钛高炉渣相比,改性后材料的紫外吸收能力增强,吸收带边向可见光区域拓展,带隙能降低,有利于光催化反应。
式(1)
An等[ An Q,Tang M,Deng S M,et al. Methyl orange degradation with peroxydisulfate activated with the synergistic effect of the acid-modified red mud and biochar catalyst[J]. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering,2023,48(7):8819-8834. 19]以赤泥和花生壳为原料,用硝酸改性后在700 ℃共热解,制备酸改性赤泥负载花生壳生物炭催化剂,反应机制见式(2)。制备的催化剂具有多孔结构,赤泥均匀负载在花生壳生物炭的内外表面,比表面积显著增加,Fe含量达18.35%,表面含氧官能团和铁氧化物的存在有利于催化反应。
Wang等[ Wang H B,Duan R,Zhou X Q,et al. Efficient removal of mercury and chromium from wastewater via biochar fabricated with steel slag:performance and mechanisms[J]. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology,2022,10:961907. 20]通过共水热碳化法对钢渣进行还原改性,不仅保留了自身活性铁物种(Fe2+)的还原位点,还通过引入生物质衍生官能团增强了吸附能力,实现了对Hg(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的高效去除,反应机制见式(3)、式(4)。共水热碳化法既解决了钢渣固废的资源化问题,又为重金属废水处理提供了低成本、高稳定性的吸附材料,具有较强的实际应用价值。
改性冶金渣处理污水无机物的优势在于其有多孔结构及丰富的表面活性位点,可高效吸附或固化重金属离子(如铅、镉、铬)和磷酸盐等无机污染物,兼具化学沉淀与离子交换作用,处理稳定性强且成本低廉[ Chowdhury S R. Recycled smelter slags for in situ and ex situ water and wastewater treatment—current knowledge and opportunities[J]. Processes,2023,11(3):783. 24]。Morteza等[ Changalvaei M,Nilforoushan M R,Arabmarkadeh A,et al. Removal of Ni and Zn heavy metal ions from industrial waste waters using modified slag of electric arc furnace[J]. Materials Research Express,2021,8(5):055506. 25]利用改性电弧炉渣处理含Ni2+和Zn2+的工业废水,发现改性电弧炉渣对工业废水中的Ni2+和Zn2+具有高效去除效果。Duan等[ Duan J M,Su B. Removal characteristics of Cd(Ⅱ) from acidic aqueous solution by modified steel-making slag[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2014,246:160-167. 26]在探究改性钢渣处理含Cd(Ⅱ)酸性污水的性能时,通过将钢渣与氢氧化铝混合并高温处理,制备改性钢渣,发现改性后钢渣的比表面积、孔隙体积增加,Al2O3含量上升。Wang等[ Wang A,Wu M L,Li Z Y,et al. Utilizing different types of biomass materials to modify steel slag for the preparation of composite materials used in the adsorption and solidification of Pb in solutions and soil[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2024,914:170023. 27]以废弃钢渣为原料,辅以秸秆生物炭、坚果壳生物炭和生化腐植酸等生物质材料,制备了改性材料。通过研究不同吸附条件对溶液中Pb2+吸附容量的影响,为土壤和水中重金属吸附固定提供了新材料与新方法。冉帆[ 冉帆. 炉渣性质及其污水处理效果的应用研究[D]. 天津:天津城建大学,2014. 28]以供热炉渣和流化床炉渣为填料,经物理、化学、微生物改性后,用以处理生活污水。结果表明:物理改性提高了比表面积和污染物去除率;化学改性改变了炉渣结构,提高了总氮、总磷去除率。Vu等[ Vu M T,Nguyen L N,Abu Hasan Johir M,et al. Phosphorus removal from aqueous solution by steel making slag:mechanisms and performance optimisation[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2021,284:124753. 29]利用钢渣从污水处理出水中去除残留磷。结果表明,钢渣粒径越小,除磷效率越高。并且发现初始pH对除磷效率影响呈两段式,其中溶液体积负载增加,除磷效果提升。该研究还通过多种表征手段证实了钢渣表面在吸附前后的变化,为钢渣在污水处理中的应用提供了理论依据。Yun等[ Yun Y P,Zhou X Q,Li Z F,et al. Comparative research on phosphorus removal by pilot-scale vertical flow constructed wetlands using steel slag and modified steel slag as substrates[J]. Water Science and Technology,2015,71(7):996-1003. 30]围绕改性钢渣(MSS)和钢渣(SS)对污水中磷的处理性能展开研究,以1 073 K高温热解1 h对转炉钢渣进行改性。研究还通过等温吸附实验,发现改性钢渣的最大吸附容量相比未改性时增加了34%。Shi等[ Shi C H,Gao M C,Huang X Y,et al. Preparation of magnesium-modified steel slag and its adsorption performance for simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from water[J]. Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,2024,702:135068. 31]用氯化镁对钢渣进行化学浸渍改性制备吸附剂,并用于污水中氨氮和磷的同步去除。通过探究钢渣投加量、溶液pH、初始溶液浓度和反应时间等因素对同步脱氮除磷的影响,发现改性钢渣吸附性能显著提升。
ZhongW Z,HaoW C,LiangS H,et al. Catalytic ozonation of polyethylene glycol in aqueous solution by copper slag:efficiency,active substances and mechanisms[J]. Journal of Water Process Engineering,2024,59:104958.
YangL Y,YangM M,XuP,et al. Characteristics of nitrate removal from aqueous solution by modified steel slag[J]. Water,2017,9(10):757.
[14]
YuY H,DuC M,FanS L,et al. Acid-leaching separation of phosphorus from the BOF slag modified with Al2O3[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering,2022,10(5):108394.
[15]
JiangP G,LiuJ S,XiaoY Y,et al. Recovery of iron from copper slag via modified roasting in CO–CO2 mixed gas and magnetic separation[J]. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International,2020,27(7):796-806.
[16]
RaoL,DongY C,GuiM C,et al. Growth,stratification,and liberation of phosphorus-rich C2S in modified BOF steel slag[J]. Materials,2020,13(1):203.
[17]
WangG F,XiangJ,LiangG C,et al. Application of common industrial solid waste in water treatment:a review[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2023,30(52):111766-111801.
[18]
LeiX F,XueX X. Preparation,characterization and photocatalytic activity of sulfuric acid-modified titanium-bearing blast furnace slag[J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2010,20(12):2294-2298.
[19]
AnQ,TangM,DengS M,et al. Methyl orange degradation with peroxydisulfate activated with the synergistic effect of the acid-modified red mud and biochar catalyst[J]. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering,2023,48(7):8819-8834.
[20]
WangH B,DuanR,ZhouX Q,et al. Efficient removal of mercury and chromium from wastewater via biochar fabricated with steel slag:performance and mechanisms[J]. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology,2022,10:961907.
ChowdhuryS R. Recycled smelter slags for in situ and ex situ water and wastewater treatment—current knowledge and opportunities[J]. Processes,2023,11(3):783.
[25]
ChangalvaeiM,NilforoushanM R,ArabmarkadehA,et al. Removal of Ni and Zn heavy metal ions from industrial waste waters using modified slag of electric arc furnace[J]. Materials Research Express,2021,8(5):055506.
[26]
DuanJ M,SuB. Removal characteristics of Cd(Ⅱ) from acidic aqueous solution by modified steel-making slag[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2014,246:160-167.
[27]
WangA,WuM L,LiZ Y,et al. Utilizing different types of biomass materials to modify steel slag for the preparation of composite materials used in the adsorption and solidification of Pb in solutions and soil[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2024,914:170023.
[28]
冉帆. 炉渣性质及其污水处理效果的应用研究[D]. 天津:天津城建大学,2014.
[29]
VuM T,NguyenL N,Abu Hasan JohirM,et al. Phosphorus removal from aqueous solution by steel making slag:mechanisms and performance optimisation[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2021,284:124753.
[30]
YunY P,ZhouX Q,LiZ F,et al. Comparative research on phosphorus removal by pilot-scale vertical flow constructed wetlands using steel slag and modified steel slag as substrates[J]. Water Science and Technology,2015,71(7):996-1003.
[31]
ShiC H,GaoM C,HuangX Y,et al. Preparation of magnesium-modified steel slag and its adsorption performance for simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from water[J]. Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,2024,702:135068.