Cd1-xZnxTe(0≤x≤1)晶体的研究现状及应用前景

基金项目

江西省重点研发计划项目(20252BCE310039)

中图分类号:

O78O799

文献标识码:

A

作者简介

朱崧(1993—),男,江西贵溪人,博士,工程师,研究方向:材料加工,E-mail:403268780@qq.com

通信作者

陈飞鹏,工程师,E-mail:chenfeipeng@126.com

流转信息

收稿日期 : 2025-11-13

修订日期 : 2026-02-24

引文格式

朱崧,郝剑,怀杨杨,张庆礼,陶晓栋,胡思奇,王小飞,陈飞鹏. Cd1-xZnxTe(0≤x≤1)晶体的研究现状及应用前景[J]. 铜业工程,2026(3):48-58.

Research Status and Application Prospects of Cd1-xZnxTe (0≤x≤1) Crystals

Citations

Zhu Song,Hao Jian,Huai Yangyang,Zhang Qingli,Tao Xiaodong,Hu Siqi,Wang Xiaofei,Chen Feipeng. Research status and application prospects of Cd1-xZnxTe (0≤x≤1) crystals[J]. Copper Engineering,2026(3):48-58.

铜业工程    第3期    48-58
doi10.3969/j.issn.1009-3842.2026.03.006
材料制备与加工工程(Material Preparation and Process Engineering)

Cd1-xZnxTe(0≤x≤1)晶体的研究现状及应用前景

  • 朱崧 1
  • 郝剑 1
  • 怀杨杨 1
  • 张庆礼 1,2
  • 陶晓栋 1
  • 胡思奇 1
  • 王小飞 2
  • 陈飞鹏 1
1.江西铜业技术研究院有限公司江西 南昌 330096
2.中国科学院 合肥物质科学研究院安徽 合肥 230031

作者简介

朱崧(1993—),男,江西贵溪人,博士,工程师,研究方向:材料加工,E-mail:403268780@qq.com

通信作者

陈飞鹏,工程师,E-mail:chenfeipeng@126.com

基金项目

江西省重点研发计划项目(20252BCE310039)

中图分类号:

O78O799

文献标识码:

A

流转信息

收稿日期 : 2025-11-13     修订日期 : 2026-02-24     

引文格式

朱崧,郝剑,怀杨杨,张庆礼,陶晓栋,胡思奇,王小飞,陈飞鹏. Cd1-xZnxTe(0≤x≤1)晶体的研究现状及应用前景[J]. 铜业工程,2026(3):48-58.

摘要

随着第三代半导体技术的发展,碲锌镉(Cd1-xZnxTe,0≤x≤1,简称CZT)晶体作为一种高效的半导体材料,已成功应用于多种探测器。该类探测器采用创新的一步转换技术,直接将高能射线转化为电荷信号,实现对射线能量、位置及时间的精准测量,可有效解决目前采矿业面临的高品位矿石减少、低品位矿石难选,以及分选设备响应慢、能耗高、噪声大等问题。本文综述了国内外CZT晶体的研究现状,对比了各类生长工艺的优缺点。同时,深入评估了CZT晶体组分均匀性控制、固-液界面控制以及晶体中缺陷控制与消除等技术。在此基础上,展望了CZT晶体的应用前景及发展趋势。

关键词

矿石资源;矿石分选设备;X射线;半导体;Cd1-xZnxTe(0≤x≤1)晶体;

Research Status and Application Prospects of Cd1-xZnxTe (0≤x≤1) Crystals

  • Zhu Song 1
  • Hao Jian 1
  • Huai Yangyang 1
  • Zhang Qingli 1,2
  • Tao Xiaodong 1
  • Hu Siqi 1
  • Wang Xiaofei 2
  • Chen Feipeng 1
1.Jiangxi Copper Technology Institute Co.,Ltd.Nanchang 330096China
2.Hefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefei 230031China

Citations

Zhu Song,Hao Jian,Huai Yangyang,Zhang Qingli,Tao Xiaodong,Hu Siqi,Wang Xiaofei,Chen Feipeng. Research status and application prospects of Cd1-xZnxTe (0≤x≤1) crystals[J]. Copper Engineering,2026(3):48-58.

Abstract

Depletion of high-grade ore deposits, coupled with growing difficulty of separating low-grade ores, has exposed critical shortcomings in current ore separation technologies: sluggish response, high energy consumption, and elevated noise at room temperature. The advent of third-generation semiconductors has positioned Cd1-xZnxTe (0≤x≤1, abbreviated as CZT) as a highly efficient detector material. Leveraging an innovative single-step conversion mechanism, Cd1-xZnxTe (0≤x≤1) detectors directly transduce high-energy radiation into charge signals, enabling precise determination of energy, position and time. This paper provided a comprehensive survey of worldwide research on Cd1-xZnxTe (0≤x≤1) crystals, systematically comparing the merits and drawbacks of various growth techniques. Detailed assessments were presented on controlling compositional uniformity, managing the solid-liquid interface, and eliminating—or at least mitigating—bulk and surface defects. Building on these analyses, the outlook for future applications and development trajectories of Cd1-xZnxTe (0≤x≤1) crystals was discussed.

Keywords

ore resource;ore separation equipment;X-ray;semiconductor;Cd1-xZnxTe (0≤x≤1) crystal;



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5-9

在矿石智能分选装备领域,X射线透射技术聚焦于半导体探测器、闪烁体探测器及光电倍增管(PMT)等类型(表1)。探测器材料通常可分为半导体材料和闪烁体材料。单质半导体材料如单质硅和高纯锗,具有不同的探矿特点。单质硅探测器仅对低能X射线(1~20 keV)具有较高的能量分辨率,适合铝(Al)、镁(Mg)等轻金属矿的快速普查,但在高能射线(>50 keV)探测中效率骤降至1%以下。高纯锗探测器的能量分辨率约0.1%~0.3%,可覆盖1 keV~10 MeV宽能谱范围,能精确检测贵金属特征射线[金(Au):9.71 keV;银(Ag):22.1 keV]和放射性核素[铀(U):1.001 MeV;钍(Th):2.614 MeV]。然而,高纯锗探测器依赖液氮或机械制冷系统维持-196 ℃的低温,设备体积较大,不适合野外探矿的应用。相比之下,闪烁体材料[如碘化钠(NaI)、硅酸钇镥(LYSO)、碘化铯(CsI)和硫氧化钆(Gd2O2S)]探测器搭配光电倍增管(PMT)可大幅提高能谱测量范围(10 keV~10 MeV),但其能量分辨率较低(7%~10%)。特别是对能量相近的Cu(8.04 keV)与Fe(6.40 keV)射线产生能谱重叠,无法进行有效区分,仅适合大规模、低精度地粗筛大体积的高品位矿石(如Cu品位>1%的矿石),且难以定位铜铁矿的精细结构  印万忠,吴尧,韩跃新,等. X射线辐射分选原理及应用 [J]. 中国矿业,2011,20(12):88-92.
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 韩跃新,王泽红,陈晓龙. X射线辐射分选技术及设备的发展与应用 [J]. 矿产综合利用,2013,34(6):11-15.
 罗辉,鲁重凯,肖罡. 面向智能光电分选的检测与决策方法研究 [J]. 铜业工程,2025(2):27-37.
 Damulira E. Radiation dosimetry in medicine using Ⅱ-Ⅵ semiconductors [J]. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences,2022,15(3):72-82.
10-15

表1     各类探测器对比
Table 1     Comparison of various detectors
名称 种类 工作原理 能量分辨率 适用能区 优势场景 局限性
单质硅探测器 单质半导体探测器 半导体电离 0.1%~0.5% 1~20 keV 轻金属矿普查、便携设备 高能射线探测效率低
高纯锗探测器 单质半导体探测器 半导体电离 0.1%~0.3% 1 keV~10 MeV 贵金属/放射性矿痕量分析 须低温(-196 ℃)、成本高昂
CZT探测器 半导体探测器 半导体电离 0.5%~6% 5 keV~3 MeV 中低品位矿分选、微观成像 晶体生长成本高(占设备的30%~40%)
无机/有机闪烁体探测器 闪烁体探测器 闪烁发光+光电转换 7%~10% 10 keV~10 MeV 高品位矿粗筛、大体积探测 分辨率不足、误判率高

作为第三代前沿战略性半导体材料,碲锌镉(Cd1-xZnxTe,0≤x≤1,简称CZT)晶体是最具有应用前景的室温探测材料之一。与传统的闪烁体材料不同,CZT探测器采用创新的一步转换技术,直接将高能射线转化为电荷信号,实现对射线能量、位置及时间的精准测量,可极大程度地复原矿石的成分、密度和形状等本征信息。在X射线矿石资源探测领域,CZT矿石分选设备已进入示范性应用阶段。相较于传统分选设备仅依赖密度信息,因而难以有效区分原子序数相近元素(如Cu与Fe)的局限性,CZT探测器基于能谱分析技术,可实现相近元素的高精度识别与实时分选,可显著提升分选的准确性与效率。CZT探测器的能量分辨率为0.5%~2%,能够清晰分离Cu与Fe的能谱峰(ΔE=1.64 keV),实现0.3%~0.5%品位差异的检测,最低可检测含0.3%Cu的低品位矿石。例如,在紫金矿业铜矿分选中,CZT矿石分选设备通过能谱阈值分割算法,将Cu品位0.5%的矿石检出率提升至85%。该探测器能够区分黄铜矿(CuFeS2)与黄铁矿(FeS2),可实现对铜铁矿与伴生矿的高效分离  Xu Y L,Lin Q Q. Photodetectors based on solution-processable semiconductors:recent advances and perspectives [J]. Applied Physics Reviews,2020,7:011315.
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16-22

本文对X射线探测器用CZT晶体的研究现状进行了综述,介绍了该晶体的优势、晶体生长工艺以及晶体缺陷。同时,分析评估了不同生长工艺对CZT晶体性能的影响,以及CZT晶体组分均匀性控制、固-液界面控制以及晶体中缺陷的控制与消除等技术。在此基础上,展望了CZT晶体的应用前景及发展趋势。

1     CZT晶体生长研究现状

CZT晶体的生长方法主要有三种:垂直梯度凝固法(VGF)、坩埚下降法(VB)、移动加热器法(THM)等  Xu C,Zhang J,Zhou C H,et al. Advancements in Iso-Diameter seeded growth of CdZnTe crystals:a numerical modeling approach and applications in liquid phase epitaxy [J]. Journal of Crystal Growth,2024,633:127670.
 Neubert M,Jurisch M. Transient segregation behavior in Cd1–xZnxTe with low Zn content—a qualitative and quantitative analysis [J]. Journal of Crystal Growth,2015,420:101-108.
 McCoy J J,Kakkireni S,Gilvey Z H,et al. Overcoming mobility lifetime product limitations in vertical bridgman production of cadmium zinc telluride detectors [J]. Journal of Electronic Materials,2019,48(7):4226-4234.
 Sen S,Stannard J E. Developments in the bulk growth of Cd1−xZnxTe for substrates [J]. Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials,1994,29(1/2/3/4):253-273.
 Li G Q,Zhang X L,Hua H,et al. A modified vertical Bridgman method for growth of high-quality Cd1−xZnxTe crystals [J]. Journal of Electronic Materials,2005,34(9):1215-1224.
 El Mokri A,Triboulet R,Lusson A,et al. Growth of large,high purity,low cost,uniform CdZnTe crystals by the “cold travelling heater method” [J]. Journal of Crystal Growth,1994,138(1/2/3/4):168-174.
 Zhou B R,Jie W Q,Wang T,et al. Modification of growth interface of CdZnTe crystals in THM process by ACRT [J]. Journal of Crystal Growth,2018,483:281-284.
 上官旻杰,袁文辉,梁红昱,等. VB法生长CdZnTe晶体的放肩角度优化 [J]. 激光与红外,2023,53(10):1555-1561.
 李尚书,徐超. 基于移动加热器法的碲锌镉晶体研究进展 [J]. 红外,2024,45(11):1-12.
23-31
。这些方法各有优缺点(表2)。

表2     各类CZT晶体生长方法对比
Table 2     Comparison of various CZT crystal growth methods
生长方法 坩埚变速旋转(ACRT) 温场设置/℃ 温度梯度/(K/cm) 最大生长速率/(mm/h) 文献
VGF 1115~1140 2~4 0.4  Xu C,Zhang J,Zhou C H,et al. Advancements in Iso-Diameter seeded growth of CdZnTe crystals:a numerical modeling approach and applications in liquid phase epitaxy [J]. Journal of Crystal Growth,2024,633:127670.
23
VB 1125 4 1  Neubert M,Jurisch M. Transient segregation behavior in Cd1–xZnxTe with low Zn content—a qualitative and quantitative analysis [J]. Journal of Crystal Growth,2015,420:101-108.
24
VB 1145~1180 20 2  McCoy J J,Kakkireni S,Gilvey Z H,et al. Overcoming mobility lifetime product limitations in vertical bridgman production of cadmium zinc telluride detectors [J]. Journal of Electronic Materials,2019,48(7):4226-4234.
25
VB 1110 5 0.5  Sen S,Stannard J E. Developments in the bulk growth of Cd1−xZnxTe for substrates [J]. Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials,1994,29(1/2/3/4):253-273.
26
VB 1150 13 1  Li G Q,Zhang X L,Hua H,et al. A modified vertical Bridgman method for growth of high-quality Cd1−xZnxTe crystals [J]. Journal of Electronic Materials,2005,34(9):1215-1224.
27
THM 850 37 0.3  El Mokri A,Triboulet R,Lusson A,et al. Growth of large,high purity,low cost,uniform CdZnTe crystals by the “cold travelling heater method” [J]. Journal of Crystal Growth,1994,138(1/2/3/4):168-174.
28
THM 800~930 45 0.2  Ohmori M,Iwase Y,Ohno R. High quality CdTe and its application to radiation detectors [J]. Materials Science and Engineering:B,1993,16(1/2/3):283-290.
45

1)垂直梯度凝固法(VGF)的机械振动对生长界面的影响较小,有利于提高晶体质量,但VGF的温度梯度控制精度较高(2~4 K/cm),对设备的温场要求十分严格,不利于生长大尺寸单晶。

2)坩埚下降法(VB)生长速度快(0.5~2 mm/h),但因生长温度高(最高可达1180 ℃),温场和固-液界面的波动易产生多晶、孪晶等缺陷。

3)移动加热器法(THM)生长温度相对较低(800~930 ℃),固-液界面波动较小,与坩埚变速旋转(ACRT)结合易制备出高纯度、组分均匀、缺陷密度低的单晶,但生长速度较慢(<0.4 mm/h)。

综上所述,CZT晶体生长的最大挑战,一是探索最佳生长速率,二是实现晶体的高均匀性、高单晶率和低缺陷密度制备。因此,本文将基于THM的CZT晶体生长过程中面临的组分均匀性差、固-液界面稳定性差、晶体中存在夹杂、缺陷、孪晶等问题进行探讨。

2     基于THM的CZT晶体组分均匀性控制

2.1     溶解过程的组分均匀性控制

CZT多晶料和晶体生长的组分均匀性主要受控于溶解过程。李尚书等  李尚书,周昌鹤,徐超. 碲锌镉晶体合成过程中的放热控制和反应机理研究 [J]. 红外,2021,42(9):14-20.
32
通过调整初始倾角来调控合成反应的放热强度和速率,从而实现了对多晶料组分均匀性的有效控制,如图1所示。徐超等  徐超,周昌鹤,孙士文,等. 碲锌镉晶体材料合成技术研究 [J]. 红外,2016,37(8):15.
33
通过控制反应容器的倾角、升温的温度梯度、反应物的排布方式以及降温速率等参数,有效减少了石英坩埚不同位置的多晶料沉积,提高了CZT晶体的组分均匀性。但是,在实际的溶解过程中,仍存在一些问题亟待解决,例如原料尺寸和纯度选择、多晶料化学计量比以及组分高度控制等问题  陈成,朱蓉辉,穆怀慈,等. 碲化镉多晶合成工艺研究 [J]. 电子工业专用设备,2024,53(3):4-8.
34

图1     CZT晶体THM生长示意图
Fig. 1     Schematic diagram of CZT crystals growth based on THM

2.2     溶质传输过程中的组分均匀性控制

图2所示,在基于CZT晶体的THM生长溶质传输过程中,富Te熔区主要负责将溶质从溶解界面传输到生长固-液界面。Sell等  Sell H E,Müller G. Numerical modelling of the growth and composition of Gax In1-x as bulk mixed crystals by the travelling heater method [J]. Journal of Crystal Growth,1989,97(1):194-200.
35
通过数值模拟,对THM晶体富Te熔区成分进行优化,实现了对溶质传输过程中均匀性的控制。Peterson等  Peterson J H,Fiederle M,Derby J J. Analysis of the traveling heater method for the growth of cadmium telluride [J]. Journal of Crystal Growth,2016,454:45-58.
36
通过模拟计算富Te熔区的长度,控制生长界面附近的反向涡流,以实现溶质的稳定输运时,发现溶质传输过程产生的对流会干扰生长界面的稳定性,进而降低溶质分布的均匀性。张继军等  Zhang J J,Qi Y W,Liu W P,et al. The effect of Te solution volume on the growth of CdZnTe crystals by traveling heater method [J]. Journal of Crystal Growth,2024,633:127647.
 Zhang J J,Liu W P,Wei J J,et al. Investigation of the diffusion and crystal growth of CdZnTe in Te solution using the traveling heater method under axial static magnetic field [J]. CrystEngComm,2025,27(5):644-652.
37-38
指出,THM中的较长熔区能够在溶解界面附近形成一个具有混匀作用的涡流,有助于溶质在径向分布得更加均匀,但涡流的影响规律仍需要进一步探索。

图2     THM溶质传输过程示意图
Fig. 2     Schematic diagram of solute transport during THM processes

2.3     溶质析出过程的组分均匀性控制

籽晶的引入对溶质析出过程中组分的均匀性具有显著影响  Chen H,Awadalla S A,Iniewski K,et al. Characterization of large cadmium zinc telluride crystals grown by traveling heater method [J]. Journal of Applied Physics,2008,103:014903.
39
。Roy等  Roy U N,Weiler S,Stein J,et al. Zinc mapping in THM grown detector grade CZT [J]. Journal of Crystal Growth,2012,347(1):53-55.
40
研究表明,采用THM生长CZT晶体时,若不使用籽晶,晶锭头部20 mm区域的Zn组分分布呈现逐渐下降趋势,这与分配系数k0>1时的分布特征极为相似,如图3所示。当引入籽晶后,CZT晶锭中Zn组分的分布均匀性得到显著提升,未出现类似Ⅰ区的分布。目前,对于溶质析出过程中的溶质浓度、平衡分配系数、生长固-液界面移动距离、多晶料中溶质浓度、熔区长度等关键因素,仍缺乏系统的研究和理论支撑。

图3     THM理论上溶质分布示意图
Fig. 3     Theoretical solute distribution diagram for THM

综上,在CZT晶体的THM生长过程中,多晶料、富Te熔区以及籽晶组织的均匀性问题严重影响了后续晶体生长的质量。为此,国内外众多学者在溶解过程、溶质传输过程以及溶质析出过程等方面开展了大量研究  Chen H,Awadalla S A,MacKenzie J,et al. Characterization of traveling heater method (THM) grown Cd0.9Zn0.1Te [J]. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,2007,54(4):811-816.
41
。然而,对于CZT晶体组分均匀性的控制方法,目前仍需针对以下关键问题进行系统性研究与精确调控:一是多晶料的组分均匀性和化学计量比的精确控制;二是富Te熔区的高度与直径比的优化;三是籽晶引入溶质浓度梯度的调控。

3     基于THM的固-液界面控制

3.1     基于无籽晶THM固-液控制的研究

曹聪等  曹聪,刘江高,范叶霞,等. 碲锌镉晶体生长温度梯度与界面形状稳定性关系的研究 [J]. 人工晶体学报,2024,53(4):641-648.
42
基于有限元模拟技术,发现VB相较于VGF更容易获得高温度梯度和稳定的晶体生长固-液界面。THM与VGF和VB相比,所需的生长温度更低,温度梯度更大,有利于维持生长界面的稳定  Szeles C,Cameron S E,Soldner S A,et al. Development of the high-pressure electro-dynamic gradient crystal-growth technology for semi-insulating CdZnTe growth for radiation detector applications [J]. Journal of Electronic Materials,2004,33(6):742-751.
 Wang T,Jie W Q,Xu Y D,et al. Characterization of CdZnTe crystal grown by bottom-seeded Bridgman and Bridgman accelerated crucible rotation techniques [J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2009,19:s622-s625.
43-44
。THM法的特征在于坩埚位置保持固定,通过向上移动加热器来控制固-液界面,促使富Te熔区在生长界面的下端结晶。1993年,Ohmori等  Ohmori M,Iwase Y,Ohno R. High quality CdTe and its application to radiation detectors [J]. Materials Science and Engineering:B,1993,16(1/2/3):283-290.
45
利用无籽晶的THM法,成功获得稳定的富Te熔区固-液界面,生长出直径为32 mm、长度为80 mm的高电阻率辐射探测器用CZT晶锭。

3.2     基于有籽晶THM固-液控制的研究

1999年,日本Acrorad公司采用有籽晶的THM法,成功控制籽晶熔接处的固-液界面,生长出直径为50 mm的二元碲化镉单晶,为利用THM法生长三元CZT单晶提供了理论基础。2008年,加拿大Redlen公司通过有籽晶THM法,成功获得稳定的微凸固-液界面,生长出直径约7.62 cm(3 in)的高阻值CZT单晶,并成功实现了产业化。尽管THM法在CZT晶体生长中取得了一定进展,但仍面临诸多挑战  Funaki M,Ozaki T,Satoh K,et al. Growth and characterization of CdTe single crystals for radiation detectors [J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:Accelerators,Spectrometers,Detectors and Associated Equipment,1999,436(1/2):120-126.
 Li G Q,Jie W Q,Gu Z,et al. Correlation between the x value and qualities of Cd1−x Znx Te crystal grown by vertical Bridgman method [J]. Materials Science and Engineering:B,2004,107(2):172-175.
46-47
。2022年,张嘉泓等  张嘉泓,张继军,王林军,等. 移动加热器法生长碲锌镉晶体的组分输运与界面形貌研究 [J]. 人工晶体学报,2022,51(6):973-985.
48
通过Comsol软件建立CZT晶体THM法生长模型,发现当温度梯度和生长速率较大时,熔体对流显著增强,产生次生涡旋,导致固-液界面呈现凹陷形态。这种固-液界面形态会引发CZT晶体两侧多晶的生长,从而限制THM法生长速率的进一步提高。

4     基于坩埚变速旋转(ACRT)的固-液界面控制

坩埚变速旋转(ACRT)是一种通过周期性改变旋转速率来调控流体对流的技术,能够更好地稳定熔体对流,在单晶生长的固-液界面控制中已得到广泛应用。1994年,Muhlbeg等  Mühlberg M,Rudolph P,Genzel C,et al. Crystalline and chemical quality of CdTe and Cd1-x Znx Te grown by the Bridgman method in low temperature gradients [J]. Journal of Crystal Growth,1990,101(1/2/3/4):275-280.
49
首次将ACRT引入移动加热器法中,成功制备出了直径为52 mm的CZT晶锭。Triboulet等  Triboulet R. Crystal growth by traveling heater method[M]//Handbook of crystal growth. Amsterdam:Elsevier,2015:459-504.
50
研究发现,固-液界面对流是THM中物质传输的主要机制,表明采用ACRT是合理的。该技术通过在固-液界面施加强制对流机制,使界面形态趋于平稳或微凸,获得了具有极好轴向和径向均匀性的CZT晶锭。Peterson等  Peterson J H,Cosenza Z,Derby J J. Stability-based optimization of ACRT for the growth of CZT by the traveling heater method [J]. Journal of Crystal Growth,2022,579:126446.
51
通过数值模拟研究干扰振幅对ACRT-THM固-液界面的影响[图4(a)],发现固-液界面中Ekman流动比Taylor-Görtler流动更能有效降低熔体过冷度。这些方案取消了ACRT中的稳速旋转段,并采用较低的峰值转速,从而减小了加速阶段积累的转动惯量,在减速时可有效避开Taylor-Görtler流动不稳定性,同时突出Ekman流动的作用[图4(b)]。近年来,国内也开始重视CZT晶体材料的开发,但晶体单晶率较低,仍处于小规模晶体生产阶段。直至2018年,周伯儒等  Zhou B R,Jie W Q,Wang T,et al. Growth and characterization of detector-grade Cd0.9Zn0.1Te crystals by the traveling heater method with the accelerated crucible rotation technique [J]. Journal of Electronic Materials,2018,47(2):1125-1130.
52
采用籽晶辅助ACRT-THM法成功生长出直径为53 mm、体积超过220 cm3的CZT单晶,但生长速率有待提高。该研究利用红外成像显微镜对图5(a)中的Ⅰ区域进行了观察,发现在THM法生长CZT晶体过程中,因Te溶剂富集引发的成分过冷会促使胞状界面形成,进而诱发Te夹杂相、孔洞及晶界等缺陷。如图5(b)所示,随着成分过冷加剧,生长界面失稳:Ⅴ区域界面变得凹凸不平,Ⅲ区域的Te夹杂相增多,Ⅳ区域甚至有新晶核形成。

图4     (a)THM示意图;(b)加速旋转期间向外的Ekman流动和减速期间向内的Ekman流动
Fig. 4     (a) Schematic diagram of THM;(b) Outward Ekman flow during acceleration and inward Ekman flow during deceleration
图5     基于ACRT生长界面形貌稳定性对结晶质量的影响:(a) CZT晶锭;(b)Ⅰ区域的红外成像图
Fig. 5     Influence of interface morphology stability on crystalline quality under ACRT growth:(a) CZT ingot cut along the growth axis;(b) IR image of the region Ⅰin figure (a)

综上,现有的VGF,VB及THM晶体生长工艺难以有效控制固液界面形貌,导致晶体生长过程中容易形成多晶和缺陷。引入ACRT技术的THM法可显著提升CZT晶体单晶率,但生长速率仍受到较大限制。因此,引入ACRT技术的同时,深入研究、优化并改进THM法制备CZT晶体的工艺,深入研究ACRT-THM中的固液界面凹凸不稳定性、Ekman流动和Taylor-Görtler流动,以实现固-液界面的稳定性控制,从而制备出高质量CZT单晶,是当下该关键技术的重要突破方向。

5     基于THM的晶体缺陷控制与消除

关于CZT晶体缺陷的控制与消除,研究人员目前主要聚焦于原料掺杂调控、原位降温退火和气氛掺杂退火等方法。

5.1     基于原料掺杂调控的缺陷预补偿技术研究

在晶体生长前,CZT晶体因其非同成分挥发特性,容易在生长态晶体中形成大量Cd空位,即使采用高纯度原材料,也难以生长出高电阻率的晶体。在生长原料中引入杂质进行掺杂补偿(图6),尤其是对本征点缺陷中的Cd进行调控,是提高晶体电阻率的有效方法。Verger等  Verger L,Baffert N,Rosaz M,et al. Characterization of CdZnTe and CdTe:Cl materials and their relationship to X-and γ-ray detector performance [J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:Accelerators,Spectrometers,Detectors and Associated Equipment,1996,380(1/2):121-126.
53
通过THM制备出CdTe:Cl晶体,成功将电阻率提高至109 Ω·cm。Thio等  Thio T,Bennett J W,Chadi D J,et al. DX centres in CdZnTe:Cl and their applications [J]. Journal of Crystal Growth,1996,159(1/2/3/4):345-349.
54
则通过VB制备出了大尺寸CZT:Cl晶体,其光电导率和霍尔结果显示,Cl掺杂主要引入了两种深能级中心。Zerrai等  Zerrai A,Dammak M,Marrakchi G,et al. Investigation of deep levels in vanadium-doped CdTe and CdZnTe [J]. Journal of Crystal Growth,1999,197(3):729-732.
55
通过VB制备出CZT:V晶体,研究发现V的掺杂在禁带中引入了0.65 eV和0.95 eV两个深能级,从而显著提高了晶体的电阻率。Panchuk等  Panchuk O,Savitskiy A,Fochuk P,et al. Ⅳ group dopant compensation effect in CdTe [J]. Journal of Crystal Growth,1999,197(3):607-611.
56
使用Ⅳ元素的Ge和Sn进行掺杂,产生了快速和慢速复合中心。其中,慢速复合中心的能级接近能带中央,这种复合中心与本征缺陷之间的掺杂补偿机制,使得电阻率提高至1010 Ω·cm。同时发现,向CZT晶体中掺入In杂质能够显著提升电阻率和增加载流子寿命。Li等  Li L X,Lu F Y,Lee C,et al. Studies of Cd-vacancies,indium dopant and impurities in CdZnTe crystals (Zn=10%)[C]//2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record. Portland,OR,USA: IEEE,2003:3336-3337.
57
通过低压的VB制备出直径为7.62 cm(3 in)的CZT:In晶体,最大单晶体积占比为40%,电阻率可提升至3×1011 Ω·cm。然而,In在占据Cd位时表现为施主缺陷,既可以用于制备高阻材料,也可能导致N型低阻材料的形成。目前,对于晶体的原料掺杂与缺陷之间的相互影响以及补偿机制,还缺乏深入的探索,掺杂量与晶体电学性能之间的关系尚未形成相关理论。

图6     基于原料掺杂调控的缺陷预补偿技术路线
Fig. 6     Defect pre-compensation strategy based on dopant engineering of precursor materials

5.2     基于原位降温退火的缺陷消除技术研究

原位降温退火是抑制和消除晶体生长过程中缺陷的常用技术手段(图7)。2015年,Liang等  Liang X Y,Min J H,Yang S,et al. Cooling process optimization to control Te inclusions for improving CdZnTe detector performance [J]. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing,2015,30:14-17.
58
对CZT的降温速率与缺陷之间的关系进行了研究。研究表明,当降温速率为10~20 K/h时,虽然Te夹杂的数量有所减少,但夹杂的尺寸却增大了,这使得Te夹杂所占的体积分数增加,进而导致红外透过率降低。相反,当采用快速降温时,Te夹杂的尺寸减小,但数量却显著增加,且降温速率越快,Te夹杂的数量越多。2021年,Yuan等  Yuan S Z,Zhao W,Kong J C,et al. Effect of in-situ post-annealing on the second-phase particles in HgCdTe films [J]. Infrared Technology,2021,43(11):1071-1077.
59
在研究退火温度对相夹杂缺陷密度和尺寸的影响时,以原位降温退火有效抑制了相夹杂缺陷的产生。目前的研究尚未形成系统且深入的理论体系,退火工艺对CZT晶体缺陷的抑制作用仍需进一步探索和优化。

图7     基于原位降温退火的缺陷消除技术路线
Fig. 7     In-situ controlled-cooling annealing strategy for defect annihilation

5.3     基于气氛掺杂退火的缺陷后补偿技术研究

气氛掺杂退火工艺是一种消除晶体在生长后所产生缺陷的广泛而实用的技术,学者们对其应用于CZT晶体生长后的缺陷补偿也有所研究(见图8)。2014年,盛锋锋等  Sheng F F,Yang J R,Sun S W,et al. Influence of Cd-rich annealing on defects in Te-rich CdZnTe materials [J]. Journal of Electronic Materials,2014,43(7):2702-2708.
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探讨了富Te夹杂的CZT晶体在Cd气氛下退火对其缺陷的影响,以及CZT晶体中富Cd和富Te沉淀物对HgCdTe液相外延表面缺陷的作用机制。研究结果表明,富Cd气氛退火可以显著降低富Te夹杂的尺寸,然而在富Te夹杂物周围区域,出现了位错增殖和应力集中的现象,位错团簇产生的应力场影响范围甚至可以达到富Te夹杂物尺寸的5~8倍。同年,He等  He Y H,Jie W Q,Wang T,et al. Migration of Te inclusions in CdZnTe single crystals under the temperature gradient annealing [J]. Journal of Crystal Growth,2014,402:15-21.
61
研究发现,在Cd/Zn源条件下,梯度温场退火对CZT材料中Te夹杂迁移有所影响。尤其是尺寸效应和空洞效应,对Te夹杂的消除效率和迁移性能的影响显著:尺寸效应会延长退火时间,而空洞效应会导致长时间退火后,尺寸为5~25 μm的Te夹杂或空洞密度增加。2015年,Piacentini等  Piacentini G,Zambelli N,Benassi G,et al. Two-step thermal process in tellurium vapor for tellurium inclusion annealing in high resistivity CdZnTe crystals [J]. Journal of Crystal Growth,2015,415:15-19.
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探索了两步气氛掺杂退火对高电阻率CZT晶体中Te夹杂的影响。研究指出,在700 ℃以上,无论是在Cd气氛还是Te气氛下退火,大尺寸的Te夹杂会减少,但小尺寸的Te夹杂(1~3 μm)数量会增加。此外,Te气氛退火能够保持材料的高阻特性。2023年,雷宇等  雷宇. 碲锌镉晶体缺陷抑制及电学性能研究 [D]. 湘潭:湘潭大学,2023.
63
通过分子动力学(MD)模拟建立In-CZT退火模型,得到In原子在不同退火温度下的扩散系数,并通过In/Te掺杂退火实验,成功将CZT晶体内的富Te夹杂去除。2025年,范叶霞等  范叶霞,刘江高,曹聪,等. 碲锌镉晶锭退火实验研究 [J]. 激光与红外,2025,55(9):1427-1433.
64
通过高温-真空退火工艺,成功去除大尺寸(>5 μm)第二相夹杂,并将Zn组分均匀性提升至0.001~0.002,红外透过率提升至65%以上。

图8     基于气氛掺杂退火的缺陷后补偿技术路线
Fig. 8     Defect post-compensation strategy based on ambient-atmosphere doping annealing

综上,针对生长过程中CZT晶体缺陷密度大、电学性能难以满足室温核辐射探测器要求的问题,国内外众多学者采用掺杂退火的方法进行改进,并取得了一系列重要成果。然而,CZT晶体的掺杂退火工艺仍存在诸多挑战:掺杂退火工艺较为繁琐,耗时较长,实用性较差;退火时长的选取缺乏系统的理论指导,导致工艺优化困难。这些问题限制了CZT晶体在高性能探测器中的广泛应用,未来仍需进一步优化掺杂退火工艺,以提高晶体性能和工艺效率。

6     CZT探测器的应用前景

图9所示,CZT探测器凭借低噪声、高能量与位置分辨率以及低剂量成像等特性,在资源勘探、医学影像、无损检测、国土安全等多个领域展现出卓越的应用前景  李尚书,徐超. 基于移动加热器法的碲锌镉晶体研究进展 [J]. 红外,2024,45(11):1-12.
31
 Funaki M,Ozaki T,Satoh K,et al. Growth and characterization of CdTe single crystals for radiation detectors [J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:Accelerators,Spectrometers,Detectors and Associated Equipment,1999,436(1/2):120-126.
46
 Iniewski K. CdTe and CdZnTe materials:material properties and applications [M]. Cham:Springer Nature Switzerland,2024.
65

图9     CZT X射线探测器的应用:(a)资源勘探;(b)医学影像;(c)无损检测;(d)国土安全
Fig. 9     Applications of CZT X-ray detectors:(a) Resource exploration;(b) Medical imaging;(c) Non-destructive testing;(d) Territorial security

1)资源勘探:CZT探测器凭借卓越的能量分辨率、多元素分析能力及长期稳定性,在提升勘探效率与矿物成分分析精度方面展现出显著优势。与高纯锗(HPGe)及硅探测器相比,CZT探测器的便携式特性与无需低温冷却的优势,使其在野外复杂环境中更具应用潜力,被视为资源勘探领域的革新探测技术。如图9(a)所示,CZT探测器在资源勘探领域发挥着关键作用,随着勘探技术的不断进步以及矿产资源的日益稀缺,市场对高精度、高效率探测设备的需求持续增长,这也推动了CZT探测器市场的持续发展。

2)医学成像:如图9(b)所示,基于CZT晶体的探测器具有高空间分辨率和低辐射剂量的优势,可用于光子计数CT、骨密度仪、SPECT等医疗影像设备,例如西门子、奥泰医疗等公司相应推出的光子计数CT。在CZT探测器的应用市场中,医疗成像领域占据最大份额,占比超过70%。其高灵敏度和低辐射剂量的优势使其在X射线成像、CT扫描及核医学成像等领域的应用持续扩大。

3)无损检测:如图9(c)所示,工业用X射线探测器在无损检测领域发挥着重要作用,例如PCCP-CZT型腐蚀产物测量仪。近年来,新能源汽车动力电池检测和半导体封装检测逐渐成为X射线探测器在工业领域的新应用热点和增长点。

4)国土安全:如图9(d)所示,CZT探测器在放射性物质监测方面的快速响应与高精度,为核材料的安全监控提供了有力保障。例如数字化三维位置灵敏CZT能谱仪,以及射线探测、安全检查等相关应用设备。与传统闪烁体探测器相比,CZT探测器的灵敏度提升超50倍。国际原子能机构(IAEA)已制定在核安全监测领域以CZT晶体取代传统闪烁体晶体的计划。

7     总结与展望

1)晶体生长技术精进与革新:CZT晶体的生长技术将持续优化,以降低生产成本,同时提升晶体纯度与质量,从而推动其大规模产业化进程。结合前沿的读出电路与先进的信号处理技术,有望突破探测器系统的性能瓶颈。这将进一步拓展其在高能辐射探测与精密成像等领域的应用潜力。

2)应用领域广泛拓展:在核医学成像、X射线探测、核安全监控等成熟领域,CZT晶体的应用将不断深化,推动技术革新与效率提升。CZT晶体在新兴领域如新能源开发、光通信技术及环境监测等方面的应用探索将日益广泛,开辟新的应用蓝海。

3)政策导向与竞争格局演变:随着CZT晶体技术的日益成熟,市场准入门槛降低,预计将吸引更多企业涌入,形成更加多元化的竞争格局。产业链上下游企业的紧密合作与良性竞争,将促进资源高效配置,从而提升整个行业的国际竞争力。鉴于CZT晶体在核安全、医疗成像、环境保护等关键领域的重要作用,各国政府将出台更多扶持政策,为CZT晶体市场的发展提供强有力的政策保障。

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