铜基材料在电催化还原硝酸盐产氨技术中的应用进展

基金项目

国家自然科学基金项目(52104315)资助

中图分类号:

X781.4

文献标识码:

A

作者简介

滕蒋锋(1998—),男,湖南常德人,硕士,研究方向:环境电化学,E-mail:a123468808@163.com

葛世坤(2000—),男,云南昆明人,硕士,研究方向:固体废物处理与资源化,E-mail:shikun20000825@163.com

通信作者

彭聪,教授,E-mail:pengcong0704@csu.edu.cn

张文超,教授,E-mail:wenchao.zhang@csu.edu.cn

流转信息

收稿日期 : 2024-06-04

修订日期 : 2026-01-21

引文格式

滕蒋锋,葛世坤,王子威,彭聪,张文超. 铜基材料在电催化还原硝酸盐产氨技术中的应用进展[J]. 铜业工程,2026(1):76-89.

Progress of Application of Cu-based Materials in Electro-reduction of Nitrate for Production of Ammonia

Citations

TENG Jangfeng,GE Shikun,WANG Ziwei,PENG Cong,ZHANG Wenchao. Progress of application of Cu-based materials in electro-reduction of nitrate for production of ammonia[J]. Copper Engineering,2026(1):76-89.

铜业工程    第1期    76-89
doi10.3969/j.issn.1009-3842.2026.01.007
材料制备与加工工程(Material Preparation and Process Engineering)

铜基材料在电催化还原硝酸盐产氨技术中的应用进展

  • 滕蒋锋 1
  • 葛世坤 1
  • 王子威 1
  • 彭聪 2,3
  • 张文超 2,3
1.中南林业科技大学生态环境学院湖南 长沙 410004
2.中南大学冶金与环境学院湖南 长沙 410083
3.国家重金属污染防治工程技术研究中心,湖南 长沙 410083

作者简介

滕蒋锋(1998—),男,湖南常德人,硕士,研究方向:环境电化学,E-mail:a123468808@163.com

葛世坤(2000—),男,云南昆明人,硕士,研究方向:固体废物处理与资源化,E-mail:shikun20000825@163.com

通信作者

彭聪,教授,E-mail:pengcong0704@csu.edu.cn

张文超,教授,E-mail:wenchao.zhang@csu.edu.cn

基金项目

国家自然科学基金项目(52104315)资助

中图分类号:

X781.4

文献标识码:

A

流转信息

收稿日期 : 2024-06-04     修订日期 : 2026-01-21     

引文格式

滕蒋锋,葛世坤,王子威,彭聪,张文超. 铜基材料在电催化还原硝酸盐产氨技术中的应用进展[J]. 铜业工程,2026(1):76-89.

摘要

氨在人类社会活动中扮演着至关重要的角色,广泛应用于诸多工业领域,具有重要的经济价值。目前氨合成的主要方法是Haber-Bosch法,即在高温高压下完成氨的制备,该方法效率低,能耗高。相比之下,电化学还原硝酸盐产氨是一种低能耗的绿色化学过程,对氨选择性较高。铜基材料来源广泛、成本低、催化效率高,且形貌与电子结构可调控,并对硝酸盐具有良好的选择性,因而被用作电化学产氨的常用催化剂。目前应用于硝酸盐电催化产氨的铜基材料主要有金属铜、掺杂型铜材料、合金材料、铜氧化物材料、含铜多金属氧化物、含铜金属框架(MOF)等。这些催化剂提升电化学产氨的机理各不相同,主要包括晶面调控、电子结构调控、催化活性中心协同作用、内置电场的构建等。本文旨在对不同铜基催化剂的电化学产氨效果及其机理进行综合梳理分析,为该领域的研究提供参考并对未来发展趋势进行展望。

关键词

铜基材料;电催化;产氨;硝酸盐;

Progress of Application of Cu-based Materials in Electro-reduction of Nitrate for Production of Ammonia

  • TENG Jangfeng 1
  • GE Shikun 1
  • WANG Ziwei 1
  • PENG Cong 2,3
  • ZHANG Wenchao 2,3
1.School of Ecology and EnvironmentCentral South University of Forestry & TechnologyChangsha 410004China
2.School of Metallurgy and EnvironmentCentral South UniversityChangsha 410083China
3.Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal PollutionChangsha 410083China

Citations

TENG Jangfeng,GE Shikun,WANG Ziwei,PENG Cong,ZHANG Wenchao. Progress of application of Cu-based materials in electro-reduction of nitrate for production of ammonia[J]. Copper Engineering,2026(1):76-89.

Abstract

Ammonia plays an important role in human activities, which is used widely in various industries with noticeable economic values. The main method currently used in ammonia synthesis is Haber-Bosch method, which requires high-temperature or high-pressure conditions, suffering low efficiency and high energy cost. In comparison, electro-reduction of nitrite for ammonia production is a NH3-selective green chemistry process with low energy consumption. Cu-based materials are chosen as common catalyst materials in electro-production of ammonia owing to the abundance of source materials and high reaction activity towards nitrite. State-of-art Cu-based materials applied in electro catalysis of nitrate for ammonia production are mainly: metallic Cu, metallic-doped Cu-based materials, alloys, Cu oxide, Cu-containing polymetallic oxide, Cu-containing metal-organic framework (MOF), etc. These catalysts improve performances of ammonia production with different mechanisms, such as surface modulation, electron structure modulation, synergy of catalytic active centers, construction of built-in electric fields, etc. This paper aims to integrate performances and mechanisms of different Cu-based catalysts for electrochemical production of ammonia, and to provide reference for future research in this field.

Keywords

copper-based material;electrocatalysis;ammonia production;nitrate;



氨是人类社会活动的重要原料,广泛应用于农业、化工、医药等领域。目前全球每年的氨产量达到1.75亿吨  赵子涵. 基于双金属氧化物的光热催化合成氨研究 [D]. 长春:吉林大学,2023.
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。当前工业合成氨的主流方法是Haber-Bosch法  CHEBROLU V T,JANG D,RANI G M,et al. Overview of emerging catalytic materials for electrochemical green ammonia synthesis and process[J]. Carbon Energy,2023,5(12):e361.
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,该工艺以氮气和氢气作为原料,在高温高压的条件下合成。由于氮气中氮氮键的解离能较高,达945 kJ/mol,相比之下,硝酸根的高溶解性以及氮氧键的低解离能(204 kJ/mol),有利于氨的低能耗温和合成  ROSCA V,DUCA M,DE GROOT M T,et al. Nitrogen cycle electrocatalysis[J]. Chemical Reviews,2009,109(6):2209-2244.
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,易在人体内转化为亚硝酸盐引发癌变  SAID ABASSE K S,ESSIEN E E,ABBAS M,et al. Association between dietary nitrate,nitrite intake,and site-specific cancer risk:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Nutrients,2022,14(3) :666.
 PICETTI R,DEENEY M,PASTORINO S,et al. Nitrate and nitrite contamination in drinking water and cancer risk:a systematic review with meta-analysis[J]. Environmental Research,2022,210:112988.
 CHAZELAS E,PIERRE F,DRUESNE-PECOLLO N,et al. Nitrites and nitrates from food additives and natural sources and cancer risk:results from the NutriNet-Sante cohort[J]. International Journal of Epidemiology,2022,51(4):1106-1119.
 SEYYEDSALEHI M S,MOHEBBI E,TOURANG F,et al. Association of dietary nitrate,nitrite,and N-nitroso compounds intake and gastrointestinal cancers:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Toxics,2023,11(2):190.
14-17
。如能将水中的硝酸盐转化为氨  LIU Q,WEN G L,ZHAO D L,et al. Nitrite reduction over Ag nanoarray electrocatalyst for ammonia synthesis[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2022,623:513-519.
 MENG S L,ZHANG C,YE C,et al. Cobaloximes:selective nitrite reduction catalysts for tandem ammonia synthesis[J]. Energy & Environmental Science,2023,16(4):1590-1596.
 DU W Y,ZHANG Y,CHEN K,et al. Mo single-atom catalyst boosts nitrite electroreduction for ammonia synthesis[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2023,424:138875.
18-20
,可在减少水污染的同时提供工业原料,创造经济价值。

除Haber-Bosch法外,其他氨合成的方法包括生物固氮  LI M S,GAO L,WHITE J C,et al. Nano-enabled strategies to enhance biological nitrogen fixation[J]. Nature Nanotechnology,2023,18(7):688-691.
 GUO K Y,YANG J,YU N,et al. Biological nitrogen fixation in cereal crops:progress,strategies,and perspectives[J]. Plant Communications,2023,4(2):100499.
21-22
、光催化产氨  PUÉRTOLAS B,COMESAÑA-HERMO M,BESTEIRO L,et al. Challenges and opportunities for renewable ammonia production via plasmon-assisted photocatalysis[J]. Advanced Energy Materials,2022,12(18):2103909.
 VERMA A,FU Y P. The prospect of CuxO-based catalysts in photocatalysis:From pollutant degradation,CO2 reduction,and H2 production to N2 fixation[J]. Environmental Research,2024,241:117656.
23-24
、电化学产氨  WANG C H,ZHOU W,SUN Z J,et al. Integrated selective nitrite reduction to ammonia with tetrahydroisoquinoline semi-dehydrogenation over a vacancy-rich Ni bifunctional electrode[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2021,9(1):239-243.
 PÉREZ O G,BISANG J M. Electrochemical removal of nitrite using an activated copper rotating cylinder electrode[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society,2017,164(12):E300-E306.
25-26
等。生物固氮法速率较慢,且条件苛刻; 光催化产氨效率较低,难以大规模应用。相比之下,电化学产氨法反应条件较为温和,产氨选择性及效率较高。水中的单个硝酸根离子电化学催化转化为氨的过程是一个涉及8个电子的多步化学反应,硝酸根的还原产物依次为:NO2→*NO2→*NO→*HNO→*NH2OH→NH3。 其中,*NO转化为*HNO需要水中活性氢的参与  YUE L C,SONG W,ZHANG L X,et al. Recent advance in heterogenous electrocatalysts for highly selective nitrite reduction to ammonia under ambient condition[J]. Small Structures,2023,4(11):2300168.
27
。催化剂材料是提升电化学产氨效果的关键,现有研究中主要以金属及其化合物作为硝酸盐产氨的催化剂。在众多材料中,铜基材料具有良好的电荷转移特性,对硝酸盐具有优良的吸附性能,且产氨的选择性高且成本低,因而被广泛用作电化学产氨的催化剂。本文对文献中的代表性材料进行归纳,将用于电催化硝酸盐还原产氨的铜基催化剂归类分析,以揭示该领域的未来发展方向并提出建议。

1     材料与应用

1.1     金属铜

铜对于硝酸根具有良好的吸附能力,并能促进界面电荷转移,因此,金属铜可以直接作为电化学产氨的催化剂  ZHANG X,WANG Y T,LIU C B,et al. Recent advances in non-noble metal electrocatalysts for nitrate reduction[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2021,403:126269.
28
。Ren等  REN Z H,SHI K G,FENG X F. Elucidating the intrinsic activity and selectivity of Cu for nitrate electroreduction[J]. Acs Energy Letters,2023,8(9):3658-3665.
29
以商用铜箔为基底材料,并对其进行不同的改性处理,以探究铜箔电催化产氨性能的影响因素。实验结果显示,就清洁方法而言,电化学抛光的铜箔比湿法蚀刻的铜箔具有更高的催化活性[图1(a)]和产氨选择性,这是因为前者有更多暴露的(100)晶面,而后者有更多暴露的(111)晶面,铜的(100)晶面更有利于*NO3的吸附及活性氢的产生。另外,随着铜箔比面积的增大,铜产氨电荷效率[图1(b)]的选择性也随之增加,这是因为铜箔附近硝酸盐浓度上升的面积更大。Xu等  XU L X,CHEN S M,YIN B P,et al. Magneto-electrochemical deposition of faceted copper microcrystals for nitrate-to-ammonia electrocatalysis[J]. ACS nano,2025,19(35):31780-31789.
30
通过第一性原理计算并阐述了铜(111)晶面对硝酸盐电还原产氨的促进机理。对于Cu(111)和Cu(100)晶面,速率决定步骤均为*NOH的形成。如图1(c)所示,铜的(111)晶面在*NOH的形成中的自由能变化低于铜(100)晶面的相应数值(ΔG上升幅度),表明(111)晶面上该关键步骤的热力学势垒更低,更有利于产氨反应的进行。Xu等  XU Y,WANG M Z,REN K L,et al. Atomic defects in pothole-rich two-dimensional copper nanoplates triggering enhanced electrocatalytic selective nitrate-to-ammonia transformation[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2021,9(30):16411-16417.
31
进一步利用电化学还原的方法制备了富缺陷铜纳米片,并用作电化学还原硝酸盐产氨催化材料。相比无缺陷的铜纳米片,富缺陷的铜纳米片提供更多的活性位点,有利于反应物的吸附以及反应的进行,其产氨的电荷效率与产氨速率分别是无缺陷材料的1.94和1.91倍。活性氢参与是电化学产氨的必要环节,提高活性氢的供应有利于产氨反应的进行。Wen等  WEN W D,YAN P,SUN W P,et al. Metastable phase Cu with optimized local electronic state for efficient electrocatalytic production of ammonia from nitrate[J]. Advanced Functional Materials,2023,33(6):2212236.
32
利用O2/Ar氧化-电化学还原法制备了亚稳态的铜催化剂并用于电化学产氨。根据第一性原理计算发现,与原稳态铜相比,活性氢在亚稳态铜表面的自由能由-0.22 eV下降至-0.25 eV,表明亚稳态铜对于活性氢的吸附作用更强,进而降低了活性氢与硝酸盐还原中间产物反应的能垒,提升了产氨的效率与选择性。该材料的产氨选择性高达97.8%,电荷效率为99.8%。Li等  LI P P,LI R,LIU Y T,et al. Pulsed nitrate-to-ammonia electroreduction facilitated by tandem catalysis of nitrite intermediates[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,2023,145(11):6471-6479.
33
以含铜的水凝胶为前驱体,经热解法制备了单原子铜气凝胶,该材料既有单原子铜特有的活性位点,也有三维的宏观结构。在脉冲电压下,副产物亚硝酸根可在凝胶的三维通道中聚集,与水分子竞争活性位点,进而抑制氢气的产生,提升产氨反应的选择性。即使在 -0.8 V(vs. RHE)的条件下,电催化产氨环节中仍未检测到氢气析出。该催化剂材料电化学产氨的电荷效率达到了97%。长久以来研究发现,将金属离子(Mn+)加入氮掺杂的碳中,所形成的材料具有良好的电化学活性,这主要归功于其中的Mn+-Nx结构  GEWIRTH A A,VARNELL J A,DIASCRO A M. Nonprecious metal catalysts for oxygen reduction in heterogeneous aqueous systems[J]. Chemical Reviews,2018,118(5):2313-2339.
34
。Yang等  YANG J,QI H F,LI A Q,et al. Potential-driven restructuring of Cu single atoms to nanoparticles for boosting the electrochemical reduction of nitrate to ammonia[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,2022,144(27):12062-12071.
35
将铜离子与氮掺杂碳复合作为电催化产氨催化剂,在-1.0 V(vs. RHE)电位时,其产氨速率达到了0.26 mmol/(cm2·h) 并保持稳定,优于-1.0~0 V之间的电位。 同步辐射结果显示,当电位达到-1.0 V时,铜离子被还原成零价,催化剂材料中产生了大量的单原子铜,对于产氨具有明显促进作用。

图1     (a) 湿法蚀刻与电化学抛光电化学产氨电荷效率对比;(b)不同面积铜箔电催化还原硝酸盐的电荷效率;(c)Cu(111)和Cu(100)表面硝酸盐转化为氨的自由能图(ΔG);(d)Cu(100)和Cu(111)表面上NO逐步还原为NH2的密度泛函快照
Fig. 1     (a) Comparison of Faradaic efficiency (FE) of wet-etched and electropolished Cu foils during NH3 synthesis;(b) FE of Cu electrode with different areas during nitratereduction  REN Z H,SHI K G,FENG X F. Elucidating the intrinsic activity and selectivity of Cu for nitrate electroreduction[J]. Acs Energy Letters,2023,8(9):3658-3665.
29
;(c) Free energy diagram (ΔG) for nitrate-to-ammonia conversion on Cu (111) and Cu (100) surfaces;(d) Mechanism diagram of the stepwise NO-to-NH2 reduction pathway on Cu (100) and Cu (111) surfaces based on density functional theory  XU L X,CHEN S M,YIN B P,et al. Magneto-electrochemical deposition of faceted copper microcrystals for nitrate-to-ammonia electrocatalysis[J]. ACS nano,2025,19(35):31780-31789.
30

受自然界硝酸还原酶结构的启发,Chen等  CHEN G F,YUAN Y F,JIANG H F,et al. Electrochemical reduction of nitrate to ammonia via direct eight-electron transfer using a copper-molecular solid catalyst[J]. Nature Energy,2020,5(8):605-613.
36
以铜为催化中心,以固态有机质3,4,9,10-苝四羧酸二酐(PTCDA)为周边骨架结构,合成了电化学产氨催化剂。铜对于硝酸盐具有良好的吸附能力,而PTCDA表面可抑制析氢反应,电化学测试结果表明,水合氢离子嵌入PTCDA结构的电位高于其表面析氢电位。铜与PTCDA的结合使得催化剂具有优良的产氨选择性,并且PTCDA表面的羧基有利于向铜转移电荷,在-0.4 V (vs. RHE)时,该材料的产氨电荷效率达到了85.9%。

1.2     掺杂型铜材料

贵金属钌可以降低硝酸盐还原反应的能垒,而金属铜可以抑制其表面的电化学析氢反应,两者的结合可以促进电催化下硝酸盐向氨的转变。Chen等  CHEN F Y,WU Z Y,GUPTA S,et al. Efficient conversion of low-concentration nitrate sources into ammonia on a Ru-dispersed Cu nanowire electrocatalyst[J]. Nature Nanotechnology,2022,17(7):759-767.
37
将金属钌颗粒分散在铜纳米线构成的基底上形成复合材料,该材料具有优异的产氨选择性,可将99%的硝酸盐催化转化为氨。同时,该材料在较低浓度下仍可保持较高的硝酸盐还原电荷效率,如在2000×10−6 g/L的硝酸盐溶液中,其电荷效率可达到96%,还原电流达1 A/cm2。Wang等  WANG Y,XIA S,CAI R,et al. Accelerating industrial-level NO3− electroreduction to ammonia on Cu grain boundary sites via heteroatom doping strategy[J]. Small,2023,19(26):2302295.
38
通过电化学还原法将锡掺杂的氧化铜还原为锡掺杂的铜催化剂[锡质量分数1%,图2(a)]。锡的加入可以增加催化剂的活性位点:随着锡含量增加,费米能级(Ef)附近(E-Ef从-0.6到0 eV)的电子态分布持续演变;锡的加入还能调整铜材料的d能带中心 [图2(b)],进而抑制析氢反应,提升产氨效果。该催化剂产氨速率达到了1.98 mmol/(cm2·h),是未掺杂材料的2.9倍,并且产氨效果在10圈循环内保持稳定。Wang等  WANG C H,LIU Z Y,HU T,et al. Metasequoia-like nanocrystal of iron-doped copper for efficient electrocatalytic nitrate reduction into ammonia in neutral media[J]. ChemSusChem,2021,14(8):1825-1829.
39
通过第一性原理计算发现,铁掺杂也能调整铜材料的d能带中心(εd)[图2(d)],优化材料表面对反应中间产物的吸附,从而优化产氨效果。该研究利用电沉积法合成了铁掺杂铜催化剂并用于硝酸盐电催化产氨(铁质量分数为2%),其催化电流密度是未掺杂铜的2.1倍,电荷效率达94.5%,产氨选择性达86.8%。

图2     (a)锡掺杂铜催化剂的合成过程;(b)不同锡掺杂铜电极中铜3d轨道的投影态密度;(c)铁掺杂铜催化剂的透射电镜图像;(d)铁的掺入降低铜催化剂的d能带中心
Fig. 2     (a) Synthesis of Sn-doped Cu catalyst;(b) Projected density of states of Cu 3d in different Sn-doped Cu electrodes  WANG Y,XIA S,CAI R,et al. Accelerating industrial-level NO3− electroreduction to ammonia on Cu grain boundary sites via heteroatom doping strategy[J]. Small,2023,19(26):2302295.
38
;(c) Transmission electron microscopy image of the Fe-doped Cu catalyst;(d) Doping of Fe downshifting d-band center of the Cu catalyst  WANG C H,LIU Z Y,HU T,et al. Metasequoia-like nanocrystal of iron-doped copper for efficient electrocatalytic nitrate reduction into ammonia in neutral media[J]. ChemSusChem,2021,14(8):1825-1829.
39

硝酸盐还原为氨是一个多电子参与的反应,其中*NO→*NOH可以看作是一个速率决定步骤,根据Wu等  WU L M,FENG J Q,ZHANG L B,et al. Boosting electrocatalytic nitrate-to-ammonia via tuning of N-Intermediate adsorption on a Zn-Cu catalyst[J]. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition,2023,62(43):e202307952.
40
的第一性原理计算,锌掺杂的铜作为催化剂相比于铜可以降低该反应的能垒,进而提升产氨的效率。因此,Wu等通过原位电化学还原法制备了锌掺杂铜并作为电化学产氨的催化剂,产氨速率高达1.98 mmol/(cm2·h)。

1.3     合金材料

铜作为电还原硝酸盐产氨的催化剂具有良好的活性,但是其反应的选择性尚需提升,如在中性pH环境下易生成有毒性副产物NO2。Zhu等  ZHU L Y,YAO H Q,SUN L Z,et al. Alloyed rhodium-copper nanocavities with optimized chemisorption of hydrogen radicals for efficient nitrate-to-ammonia electrocatalysis[J]. Small,2025,21(19):2502787.
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设计合成了一种具有开放纳米腔结构的原子级合金化RhCu催化剂,不仅能提高氢自由基的化学吸附性能,还能稳定氮氧化物中间体,从而实现高效硝酸盐→氨电催化还原。其研究表明,水分子在该催化剂表面比Cu更容易吸附,并且水解离反应(H2O→H+OH)中Rh位点的能垒显著低于Cu位点,表明水解离主要发生在Rh位点,生成大量*H,有利于后续*NO2的氢化反应。RhCu合金催化剂在硝酸盐向氨转换的过程中,ΔG总体低于Cu催化剂[图3(a)],其原因是双金属铑铜合金的纳米腔体作为催化剂时,Rh具有极强的水解离能力,Cu的RDS能垒最低; RhCu合金很好地平衡了*NO→NOH和H2O→*H+*OH的能垒,促进了NO3RR的(2e+6e)串联路径,从而实现了选择性氨电合成[图3(b)]。Zhou等  ZHOU J W,LIU F,XU Z H,et al. Modulating the nitrate reduction pathway on unconventional phase ultrathin nanoalloys for selective ammonia electrosynthesis[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,2025,147(26):23226-23238.
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通过对合金的催化剂晶相调控与电极/电解质界面工程的综合研究发现,非常规六方最密堆积(2H)-RhCu对氨的选择性最优[图3(c)],在中性介质中,-0.2 V(vs. RHE)时氨法拉第效率[FE (NH3)]达 81.1%,且能有效激活*NO,*HNO等关键中间体,抑制N-N重组与副产物生成。2H-RhCu在K+基电解质中表现出最佳性能,-0.3 V时FE (NH3) 高达94.8%,氨产率达4936.8 mg/(g·h),分别是Na+基和Li+基电解质的3.5倍和12.7倍,且在低浓度硝酸盐体系中仍保持高选择性。

图3     (a) eNO3RR在RhCu和Cu上的自由能分布;(b) RhCu-NCs选择性NO3→NH3电催化的串联电催化机理;(c)不同相态RhCu纳米催化剂的LSV曲线;(d)电沉积法制备铜钴纳米合金;(e)不同催化剂的产氨速率
Fig. 3     (a) Free energy profiles of eNO3RR on RhCu and Cu;(b) Proposed tandem electrocatalytic mechanism of RhCu NCs for selective NO3-to-NH3 electrocatalysis  ZHU L Y,YAO H Q,SUN L Z,et al. Alloyed rhodium-copper nanocavities with optimized chemisorption of hydrogen radicals for efficient nitrate-to-ammonia electrocatalysis[J]. Small,2025,21(19):2502787.
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;(c) LSV curves of RhCu nanocatalysts with different phases  ZHOU J W,LIU F,XU Z H,et al. Modulating the nitrate reduction pathway on unconventional phase ultrathin nanoalloys for selective ammonia electrosynthesis[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,2025,147(26):23226-23238.
42
;(d) Synthesis of nano Cu/Co alloy by electrochemical deposition;(e) Yield rates of NH3 with different catalysts  FANG J Y,ZHENG Q Z,LOU Y Y,et al. Ampere-level current density ammonia electrochemical synthesis using CuCo nanosheets simulating nitrite reductase bifunctional nature[J]. Nature communications,2022,13:7899.
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受自然界含铜亚硝酸还原酶(Cu-NIR)作用机理启发,Fang等  FANG J Y,ZHENG Q Z,LOU Y Y,et al. Ampere-level current density ammonia electrochemical synthesis using CuCo nanosheets simulating nitrite reductase bifunctional nature[J]. Nature communications,2022,13:7899.
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通过电沉积制备了铜钴合金纳米层并作为硝酸盐的还原反应催化剂[图3(d)]。该材料有两个活性中心,其中钴作为电子/质子转移中心,可以在电化学反应中有效为铜提供电子与质子,而铜作为吸附中心对于NOx具有较强的亲和力,可以吸引该类物质在其表面进行反应。钴与铜两者的协同作用可以将产氨电荷效率提升至接近100%,产氨速度达到4.8 mmol/(cm2·h)[图3(e)],同时电流超过1 A/cm2。Zhang等  ZHANG Y Z,CHEN X,WANG W L,et al. Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction to ammonia on defective Au1Cu (111) single-atom alloys[J]. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2022,310:121346.
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以铜纳米层为基底材料,并在其表面通过迦凡尼取代金原子构建了金铜单原子合金。单原子合金具有近100%的原子利用率以及良好的活性位点,Au的引入可以在Cu表面形成电子空位,抑制析氢反应,促进活性氢的产生,从而提高产氨的效率。所合成的金铜单原子合金的产氨电荷效率达到了98.7%,并且所产氨中的97%可以通过简便的膜蒸馏进行回收。在贵金属中,钌具有优异的电催化产氨性能,尤其对于亚硝酸盐还原产氨具有高效率,将其与铜复合在保持优异性能的前提下可显著降低成本。Gao等  GAO W S,XIE K F,XIE J,et al. Alloying of Cu with Ru enabling the relay catalysis for reduction of nitrate to ammonia[J]. Advanced Materials,2023,35(19):2202952.
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利用共还原法合成了高催化活性的钌铜合金/还原氧化石墨烯材料(钌与铜的摩尔比为1∶10),在100 mmol/L硝酸盐溶液中,电荷效率达到了98%,产氨速率达到了0.38 mmol/(cm2·h)。实验表明,RuCu合金中的Cu和Ru分别对于NO3→NO2与NO2→NO3具有较高的效率,可形成接力协同的催化效应。

电化学还原硝酸盐产氨反应受到溶液pH值的影响,在较宽的酸碱值范围内难以维持高电荷效率,不利于该技术在实际废水处理中的应用。在高pH值环境下,水分子产出活性氢的反应步骤速度较慢,而在低pH值环境下,则容易发生析氢反应,也不利于活性氢的产生。与铜催化剂相比,贵金属Pd对活性氢的吸附能力更强,可为还原反应提供足量的活性氢。为此,Wang等  WANG Y T,ZHANG P,LIN X Y,et al. Wide-pH-range adaptable ammonia electrosynthesis from nitrate on Cu-Pd interfaces[J]. Science China-Chemistry,2023,66(3):913-922.
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制备CuPd合金(Cu与Pd摩尔比为3∶1)作为催化剂,在硝酸盐溶液pH值为1~14范围内,其电化学产氨电荷效率接近100%。

1.4     氧化铜基材料

根据文献报道,增加金属氧化物催化剂中的氧空位缺陷可以提升材料的电化学产氨效果。Yang等  YANG B R,MA X C,WANG H L,et al. CuO/Bi2CuO4 heterostructured electrocatalyst for the efficient reduction of nitrate to ammonia[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2025,17(21):30866-30875.
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探究了Bi2CuO4,CuO,CuO/Bi2CuO4-400,CuO/Bi2CuO4-500在各个反应电位下的制氨效率,发现均在电位为-0.5 V时达到峰值,其中CuO/Bi2CuO4-400效果最佳,表明异质结构催化剂(CuO/Bi2CuO4-400/500)的性能整体优于单组分(CuO),体现了异质结构的协同优势。密度泛函理论(DFT)计算进一步验证了其反应能垒的大幅度降低[图4(a,b)]。 Yuan等  YUAN J L,XING Z,TANG Y H,et al. Tuning the oxidation state of cu electrodes for selective electrosynthesis of ammonia from nitrate[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2021,13(44):52469-52478.
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发现,将铜箔暴露在空气中可提升其催化活性,通过第一性原理计算发现,氧化亚铜(111)晶面比铜(111)晶面具有更高的析氢反应能垒[图4(c,d)]和更低的产氨能垒[图4(e)],说明将铜适当氧化,有利于其电化学产氨效果。鉴于此,该团队将铜箔在氧气中进行退火并使用电化学还原制备了含氧化亚铜的氧化铜箔,其产氨速率达到1.1 mmol/(cm2·h),电荷效率达到92%。Xu等  XU Y,WEN Y S,REN T L,et al. Engineering the surface chemical microenvironment over CuO nanowire arrays by polyaniline modification for efficient ammonia electrosynthesis from nitrate[J]. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2023,320:121981.
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将CuO与导电聚合物聚苯胺(PANI)复合作为硝酸盐电催化产氨催化剂。PANI本身携带正电荷基团,有利于活性氢的生成,同时其具有层次性的结构有利于物质的扩散,良好的导电性则有利于电荷在催化剂中传输。该复合材料相比于原始CuO材料,产氨选择性上升了11.65个百分点,产氨速率上升了15.14%。

图4     (a) Bi2CuO4,CuO,CuO/Bi2CuO4-400和CuO/Bi2CuO4-500中NH3生成率;(b)CuO/Bi2CuO4-450上NO3-RR的反应自由能图。相应的反应中间体如反应图所示。粉红色、蓝色、灰色、白色和红色的球分别代表Bi,Cu,N,H和O;活性氢吸附前后的铜与氧化亚铜的(111)晶面(c)结构模型与(d)相应的析氢自由能;(e)不同中间产物在Cu(111)和Cu2O(111)表面还原成氨的自由能
Fig. 4     (a) NH3 yield rates of Bi2CuO4,CuO,CuO/Bi2CuO4-400 and CuO/Bi2CuO4-500;(b) Reaction free energy diagram of NO3−RR on CuO/Bi2CuO4-450. Corresponding reaction intermediates are shown in the reaction free diagram. Pink,blue,gray,white,and red balls represent Bi,Cu,N,H,and O atoms,respectively  YANG B R,MA X C,WANG H L,et al. CuO/Bi2CuO4 heterostructured electrocatalyst for the efficient reduction of nitrate to ammonia[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2025,17(21):30866-30875.
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. (c) Structure models of Cu (111) and Cu2O (111) surfaces before and after adsorption of atomic hydrogen and corresponding free energies for hydrogen evolution;(e) Free energies for reduction to NH3 from different intermediates on Cu (111) and Cu2O (111) facets  YUAN J L,XING Z,TANG Y H,et al. Tuning the oxidation state of cu electrodes for selective electrosynthesis of ammonia from nitrate[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2021,13(44):52469-52478.
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1.5     含铜多金属氧化物

Niu等  NIU Z D,FAN S Y,LI X Y,et al. Electrocatalytic co‐upcycling of nitrite and ethylene glycol over cobalt–copper oxides[J]. Advanced Energy Materials,2024,14(11):2303515.
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探究了含铜多金属氧化物CuO/Co3O4的协同催化作用,研究表明,即使在0.01 mol/L 的低浓度NaNO2中(模拟实际废水场景),-0.3~-0.1 V(vs. RHE) 电位下,NH3法拉第效率仍保持在85%以上,-0.3 V时产率达4.4 mg/(mg·h)。通过对CuO与Co3O4在*NO2→*NO步骤的自由能变化分析发现,CuO更适合负责NO2的初始活化与*NO中间体的生成,Co3O4的功能是承接*NO并完成后续还原为NH3的过程[图5(a)]。通过对比CuO与Co3O4中*H吸附的自由能变化发现,CuO的*H吸附自由能为-0.53 eV,既能稳定吸附质子,又能向还原反应高效提供质子,Co3O4的*H吸附自由能为-2.06 eV,质子易被束缚而难以传递,说明CuO同时承担质子活化与传递的功能,进一步支撑了双位点的协同作用[图5(b)]。Liu等  LIU H,LI J S,DU F,et al. A core-shell copper oxides-cobalt oxides heterostructure nanowire arrays for nitrate reduction to ammonia with high yield rate[J]. Green Energy & Environment,2023,8(6):1619-1629.
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通过将CuO与Co3O4复合作为硝酸盐还原催化剂[图5(c)],发现Co3O4中的二价钴离子对于活性氢具有良好的吸附功能,进而促进产氨反应的发生。该催化剂的产氨速率达到了1.915 mmol/(cm2·h),较同等条件下的CuO提升了30%,同时电荷效率达到了99.17%,产氨选择性为82.28%[图5(d)]。铜基材料对于硝酸盐还原为亚硝酸盐具有良好的活性,而钴基材料则对于亚硝酸盐还原为氨的反应有优异的促进作用。He等  HE W H,ZHANG J,DIECKHÖFER S,et al. Splicing the active phases of copper/cobalt-based catalysts achieves high-rate tandem electroreduction of nitrate to ammonia[J]. Nature Communications,2022,13:1129.
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利用电化学还原法将铜钴硫化物还原为Co/CoO以及Cu/CuO的复合材料,发现铜基材料与钴基材料在硝酸盐还原过程中能充分发挥各自优势,进行连续催化[图5(e)]。该催化剂的产氨速率达到1.17 mmol/(cm2·h)。Wang等  WANG H J,MAO Q Q,REN T L,et al. Synergism of interfaces and defects:Cu/oxygen vacancy-rich Cu-Mn3O4 heterostructured ultrathin nanosheet arrays for selective nitrate electroreduction to ammonia[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2021,13(37):44733-44741.
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以铜箔与高锰酸钾为原料,以简单的水热法合成了二维Cu/Cu-Mn氧化物材料并作为电化学产氨催化剂。结果表明,二维的结构有利于活性位点的充分暴露,同时Cu/Cu-Mn氧化物中大量的氧空位有利于硝酸盐吸附与活化。在质量分数为200×10−6的硝酸根溶液中,其产氨速率达到了铜箔产氨速率的5.25倍,同时电荷效率达到了92.4%,产氨选择性达87.6%。

图5     (a) CuO和Co3O4(URHE=0 V)的串联反应图和NO2→*NO2→*NOOH的自由能分布。红色、白色、蓝色、深蓝色和橙色的球分别代表O,H,N,Co和Cu;(b) CuO和Co3O4(U=0 V)的*H的自由能分布;(c) 氧化铜/四氧化三钴材料作为电化学产氨的催化剂;(d) 不同电极材料的产氨选择性与产氨速率;(e)催化剂铜/氧化铜/钴/氧化钴的连续催化机制
Fig. 5     (a) Tandem reaction diagram and free energy profiles of NO2→*NO2→*NOOH for CuO and Co3O4 (URHE=0 V). Red,white,blue,indigo,and orange balls stand for O,H,N,Co,and Cu,respectively;(b)Free energy profiles of *H for CuO and Co3O4 (U=0 V)  NIU Z D,FAN S Y,LI X Y,et al. Electrocatalytic co‐upcycling of nitrite and ethylene glycol over cobalt–copper oxides[J]. Advanced Energy Materials,2024,14(11):2303515.
51
;(c) CuO/Co3O4 material as the catalyst for electrochemical production of NH3;(d) Selectivity properties and yield rates for NH3 production of different electrode materials  NIU Z D,FAN S Y,LI X Y,et al. Electrocatalytic co‐upcycling of nitrite and ethylene glycol over cobalt–copper oxides[J]. Advanced Energy Materials,2024,14(11):2303515.
51
;(e) Sequent catalysis mechanism of the catalyst Cu/CuOx/Co/CoO  HE W H,ZHANG J,DIECKHÖFER S,et al. Splicing the active phases of copper/cobalt-based catalysts achieves high-rate tandem electroreduction of nitrate to ammonia[J]. Nature Communications,2022,13:1129.
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缺乏足够数量的活性氢是制约电催化还原硝酸盐产氨速率的一个关键因素。为解决此问题,Lin等  LIN C Z,CHEN X,WANG L,et al. Electrocatalytic conversion of nitrate into ammonia through heterogeneous catalysis of NiMoO4 and Cu/Cu2O[J]. Advanced Functional Materials,2024,34(36):2401287.
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将具有活化氢性能并能抑制析氢的催化剂镍钼氧化物与氧化铜复合负载在铜箔上,以提升催化剂电化学产氨效率,所生成的氨过酸以氯化铵的形式收集。在电位为-0.2 V(vs. RHE)时,新型复合材料的电荷效率为98.8%,产氨速率为0.82 mmol/(cm2·h),并在20 h内保持效果稳定。类似地,基于钯基材料与活性氢的亲和性,Jung等  JUNG W,JEONG J,CHAE Y,et al. Synergistic bimetallic CuPd oxide alloy electrocatalyst for ammonia production from the electrochemical nitrate reaction[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2022,10(44):23760-23769.
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合成了铜钯双金属氧化物以提升电催化产氨效果。发现氧化钯所富集的活性氢促进硝酸盐还原中间产物向氨的转化,复合氧化物催化产氨速率高出氧化铜的14倍。

1.6     含铜MOF材料

金属有机框架(metal-organic framework,MOF),由金属或金属离子与有机配体在三维空间之内延展而成,往往具有良好的稳定性与多孔结构。自然界中硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐还原酶具有良好的活性与选择性,这与特定的蛋白结构密切相关,活性球状蛋白被大的酶体所包裹,为硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐的还原提供了可控且温和的环境。受此启发,Zhu等  ZHU X J,HUANG H C,ZHANG H F,et al. Filling mesopores of conductive metal-organic frameworks with Cu clusters for selective nitrate reduction to ammonia[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2022,14(28):32176-32182.
57
将铜金属簇嵌入导电的含铜MOF材料中,以此作为电化学产氨的催化剂[图6(a)]。该材料中的MOF结构为铜金属簇提供了生长位点,同时也防止了铜的团聚,有利于保持材料优良的活性,在500×10−6的硝酸根溶液中,其产氨选择性达到96.84%。Li等  LI Q,JIA C,WANG Q,et al. Rational design of conductive MOF-based diatomic electrocatalysts for selective ammonia synthesis[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,2025,147(43):39430-39439.
58
基于Cu-Ni双原子体系进一步合成了不同Cu/Ni摩尔比的CuxNiy-DBCO催化剂[图6(b)]。Cu 位点对NO2的吸附自由能为0.62 eV,Ni位点仅为0.38 eV,表明Ni位点对NO2的吸附活化能力更强。从自由能趋势看:Cu位点更易生成NO2中间体,但后续步骤的自由能较高; 而Ni位点对NO2及后续中间体(如*HNO2,*NO等)的自由能更低,直观体现了“Cu 生成NO2,Ni 接力还原后续步骤”的反应机制[图6(c)]。Kang  KANG J H,CUI X H,SHI B,et al. Trimetallic engineering in MOF-derived catalysts for efficient electrochemical nitrate-to-ammonia conversion[J]. Nano Research,2026,19(2):94908048.
59
等利用金属有机框架(MOF)衍生材料碳化沸石咪唑酯框架(Czif),凭借其高比表面积、可调组成和热解后保留的多孔结构,以ZIF-67 为前驱体,通过原位生长引入Zn和Cu,经氮气氛围热解制备了一系列三金属催化剂(Czif-ZnxCuy),其通过前驱体调控金属组分,煅烧后可保留多孔结构并形成金属-氮配位(M-Nx)活性位点[图6(d)]。从硝酸盐还原制氨(NO3RR)的自由能变化图可见,三金属协同(Zn/Cu/Co)降低了反应的关键能垒:Czif-Zn3Cu1的PDS自由能变为-0.376 eV(绝对值更大,壁垒更低); Czif-Cu 的PDS自由能变为-0.249 eV。不同类型铜基材料用于硝酸盐还原产氨效果见表1

图6     (a)铜金属簇/含铜MOF的产氨效果;(b) CuxMy-DBCO MOFs催化剂制备示意图;(c)亚硝酸根在铜和镍上还原为NH3的自由能图;(d) Czif-Zn3Cu1合成过程的示意图;(e)计算得到的Czif-Cu和Czif-Zn3Cu1上的NO3RR吉布斯自由能图,原子颜色编码:蓝色,钴;蓝色,氮;橙色,铜;灰色,锌;红色,氧气;白色,氢
Fig. 6     (a) NH3 production performance of MOF CuHHTP with Cu clusters  ZHU X J,HUANG H C,ZHANG H F,et al. Filling mesopores of conductive metal-organic frameworks with Cu clusters for selective nitrate reduction to ammonia[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2022,14(28):32176-32182.
57
;(b) Schematic illustration of preparation of CuxMy-DBCO MOFs catalysts;(c) Free energy diagrams of nitrite reduction to NH3 on Cu and Ni sites  LI Q,JIA C,WANG Q,et al. Rational design of conductive MOF-based diatomic electrocatalysts for selective ammonia synthesis[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,2025,147(43):39430-39439.
58
;(d) Schematic representation of synthesis process of Czif-Zn3Cu1;(e) Calculated NO3RR Gibbs free energy diagrams over Czif-Cu and Czif-Zn3Cu1. Atom color-coding:indigo,cobalt;blue,nitrogen;orange,copper;gray,zinc;red,oxygen;white,hydrogen  KANG J H,CUI X H,SHI B,et al. Trimetallic engineering in MOF-derived catalysts for efficient electrochemical nitrate-to-ammonia conversion[J]. Nano Research,2026,19(2):94908048.
59
表1     铜基材料用于硝酸盐还原产氨效果对比
Table 1     Performance comparison of Cu-based materials used for the electro-reduction of nitrate for NH3 production
材料种类 电位/V (vs. RHE) 电荷效率/% 初始溶液硝酸根浓度/(mmol/L) 产氨速度/[mmol/(cm2·h)] 参考文献
电化学抛光后铜箔 -0.3 87 5  REN Z H,SHI K G,FENG X F. Elucidating the intrinsic activity and selectivity of Cu for nitrate electroreduction[J]. Acs Energy Letters,2023,8(9):3658-3665.
29
(100)晶面暴露的铜纳米带 -0.15 >95 100 1.3  XU L X,CHEN S M,YIN B P,et al. Magneto-electrochemical deposition of faceted copper microcrystals for nitrate-to-ammonia electrocatalysis[J]. ACS nano,2025,19(35):31780-31789.
30
富缺陷铜纳米片 -1.3 V (vs. SCE) 85.47 50×10−6(KNO3 0.046  XU Y,WANG M Z,REN K L,et al. Atomic defects in pothole-rich two-dimensional copper nanoplates triggering enhanced electrocatalytic selective nitrate-to-ammonia transformation[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2021,9(30):16411-16417.
31
亚稳态铜 -0.3 99.8 50 0.543  WEN W D,YAN P,SUN W P,et al. Metastable phase Cu with optimized local electronic state for efficient electrocatalytic production of ammonia from nitrate[J]. Advanced Functional Materials,2023,33(6):2212236.
32
铜单原子气凝胶 脉冲电压(-0.8~-0.5) 约97 5 0.031  LI P P,LI R,LIU Y T,et al. Pulsed nitrate-to-ammonia electroreduction facilitated by tandem catalysis of nitrite intermediates[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,2023,145(11):6471-6479.
33
氮掺杂碳负载单原子铜 -1.00 84.7 100 0.26  YANG J,QI H F,LI A Q,et al. Potential-driven restructuring of Cu single atoms to nanoparticles for boosting the electrochemical reduction of nitrate to ammonia[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,2022,144(27):12062-12071.
35
铜-PTCDA -0.4 85.9 500×10−6 (NO3 0.026  CHEN G F,YUAN Y F,JIANG H F,et al. Electrochemical reduction of nitrate to ammonia via direct eight-electron transfer using a copper-molecular solid catalyst[J]. Nature Energy,2020,5(8):605-613.
36
钌/铜纳米线 0.04 96 2000×10−6(NO3 约2  CHEN F Y,WU Z Y,GUPTA S,et al. Efficient conversion of low-concentration nitrate sources into ammonia on a Ru-dispersed Cu nanowire electrocatalyst[J]. Nature Nanotechnology,2022,17(7):759-767.
37
锡掺杂铜 -0.55 >90 100 1.98  WANG Y,XIA S,CAI R,et al. Accelerating industrial-level NO3− electroreduction to ammonia on Cu grain boundary sites via heteroatom doping strategy[J]. Small,2023,19(26):2302295.
38
铁掺杂铜 -0.74 94.5 2 0.23  WANG C H,LIU Z Y,HU T,et al. Metasequoia-like nanocrystal of iron-doped copper for efficient electrocatalytic nitrate reduction into ammonia in neutral media[J]. ChemSusChem,2021,14(8):1825-1829.
39
锌掺杂铜 -0.85 98.4 100 1.624  WU L M,FENG J Q,ZHANG L B,et al. Boosting electrocatalytic nitrate-to-ammonia via tuning of N-Intermediate adsorption on a Zn-Cu catalyst[J]. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition,2023,62(43):e202307952.
40
铜镍合金/氮掺杂碳 -1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) 79.6 50×10−6(NO3  ZHU L Y,YAO H Q,SUN L Z,et al. Alloyed rhodium-copper nanocavities with optimized chemisorption of hydrogen radicals for efficient nitrate-to-ammonia electrocatalysis[J]. Small,2025,21(19):2502787.
41
纳米铜镍合金 -0.22 95.7 100 0.18  ZHOU J W,LIU F,XU Z H,et al. Modulating the nitrate reduction pathway on unconventional phase ultrathin nanoalloys for selective ammonia electrosynthesis[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,2025,147(26):23226-23238.
42
铜镍合金 -0.7 63.85 10  BAI Z H,LI X,DING L,et al. Artificial Cu-Ni catalyst towards highly efficient nitrate-to-ammonia conversion[J]. Science China-Materials,2023,66(6):2329-2338.
43
铜钴合金纳米层 -0.2 约100 100 4.8  FANG J Y,ZHENG Q Z,LOU Y Y,et al. Ampere-level current density ammonia electrochemical synthesis using CuCo nanosheets simulating nitrite reductase bifunctional nature[J]. Nature communications,2022,13:7899.
44
金铜单原子合金 -0.2 98.7 7.14 0.033  ZHANG Y Z,CHEN X,WANG W L,et al. Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction to ammonia on defective Au1Cu (111) single-atom alloys[J]. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2022,310:121346.
45
钌铜合金 -0.05 98 100 0.38  GAO W S,XIE K F,XIE J,et al. Alloying of Cu with Ru enabling the relay catalysis for reduction of nitrate to ammonia[J]. Advanced Materials,2023,35(19):2202952.
46
纳米铜钯合金 约100 100  WANG Y T,ZHANG P,LIN X Y,et al. Wide-pH-range adaptable ammonia electrosynthesis from nitrate on Cu-Pd interfaces[J]. Science China-Chemistry,2023,66(3):913-922.
47
带氧空位缺陷氧化铜 -0.7 >50 50 0.33  YANG B R,MA X C,WANG H L,et al. CuO/Bi2CuO4 heterostructured electrocatalyst for the efficient reduction of nitrate to ammonia[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2025,17(21):30866-30875.
48
含氧化亚铜的氧化铜箔 -0.15 92 100 1.1  YUAN J L,XING Z,TANG Y H,et al. Tuning the oxidation state of cu electrodes for selective electrosynthesis of ammonia from nitrate[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2021,13(44):52469-52478.
49
氧化铜-PANI -1.3 V (vs. SCE) 93.88 200×10−6 (NO3 0.213  XU Y,WEN Y S,REN T L,et al. Engineering the surface chemical microenvironment over CuO nanowire arrays by polyaniline modification for efficient ammonia electrosynthesis from nitrate[J]. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2023,320:121981.
50
铜氧化物/铜钴氧化物 -0.2 99.83 1 0.031  NIU Z D,FAN S Y,LI X Y,et al. Electrocatalytic co‐upcycling of nitrite and ethylene glycol over cobalt–copper oxides[J]. Advanced Energy Materials,2024,14(11):2303515.
51
铜钴氧化物 -0.23 99.17 1400×10−6(NO3 1.915  LIU H,LI J S,DU F,et al. A core-shell copper oxides-cobalt oxides heterostructure nanowire arrays for nitrate reduction to ammonia with high yield rate[J]. Green Energy & Environment,2023,8(6):1619-1629.
52
铜/氧化铜/钴/氧化钴 -0.175 93.3 100 1.17  HE W H,ZHANG J,DIECKHÖFER S,et al. Splicing the active phases of copper/cobalt-based catalysts achieves high-rate tandem electroreduction of nitrate to ammonia[J]. Nature Communications,2022,13:1129.
53
铜/铜锰氧化物 -1.3 92.4 200×10−6(NO3 0.21  WANG H J,MAO Q Q,REN T L,et al. Synergism of interfaces and defects:Cu/oxygen vacancy-rich Cu-Mn3O4 heterostructured ultrathin nanosheet arrays for selective nitrate electroreduction to ammonia[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2021,13(37):44733-44741.
54
镍钼铜氧化物/铜箔 -0.2 98.8 50 0.82  LIN C Z,CHEN X,WANG L,et al. Electrocatalytic conversion of nitrate into ammonia through heterogeneous catalysis of NiMoO4 and Cu/Cu2O[J]. Advanced Functional Materials,2024,34(36):2401287.
55
铜钯氧化物 -0.2 74 100 0.083  JUNG W,JEONG J,CHAE Y,et al. Synergistic bimetallic CuPd oxide alloy electrocatalyst for ammonia production from the electrochemical nitrate reaction[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2022,10(44):23760-23769.
56
铜金属簇/含铜MOF -0.9 67.55 500×10−6(NO3 0.108  ZHU X J,HUANG H C,ZHANG H F,et al. Filling mesopores of conductive metal-organic frameworks with Cu clusters for selective nitrate reduction to ammonia[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2022,14(28):32176-32182.
57
含铜钴MOF -0.6 96.4 100 0.3  LI Q,JIA C,WANG Q,et al. Rational design of conductive MOF-based diatomic electrocatalysts for selective ammonia synthesis[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,2025,147(43):39430-39439.
58
含铜镍MOF -0.9 92.92 50 0.32  KANG J H,CUI X H,SHI B,et al. Trimetallic engineering in MOF-derived catalysts for efficient electrochemical nitrate-to-ammonia conversion[J]. Nano Research,2026,19(2):94908048.
59

2     总结与展望

本文对铜基材料在电化学还原硝酸盐产氨研究中的应用进行了总结。目前该领域发展迅速,产氨速率远超传统的Haber-Bosch法,有望颠覆传统的氨合成方法。对于未来的研究提出以下展望。

1)充分发挥优势晶面在电催化产氨中的作用。不同的晶面结构,产氨的能垒也不同,选择性暴露具有产氨反应较低吉布斯自由能的晶面是提升产氨速率的有效途径,在金属铜基与铜氧化物基催化剂材料研究中已出现相应的案例。

2)合理利用其他活性中心与铜催化中心的协同作用。电化学还原硝酸盐产氨是一个多电子参与的多步骤反应,受到很多因素的影响。铜对于硝酸盐的吸附具有优势,而其他的催化中心则往往在亚硝酸盐的降解、活性氢的产生、析氢反应的抑制等方面具有优势,将不同催化中心结合起来就是将各自的优势结合起来,从而产生更高效的电化学产氨催化剂。

3)大力发展低成本的硝酸盐还原催化剂。虽然与铜催化剂耦合的材料多为贵金属,如Au,Pd,Ru等,价格较高,但随着研究的不断深入,逐渐出现了价格较低的金属(如Fe,Ni,Mn等)与铜复合形成的高效电化学产氨催化剂。这些催化剂在保持较高的产氨速率、电荷效率、产氨选择性的同时,可显著降低催化剂成本,有利于今后的大面积推广。

4)加快铜基材料催化电化学产氨的实际应用进程。 目前已经出现大量的铜基材料提升电化学产氨效果的研究成果,但是大部分都停留在实验室小试阶段。如何将铜基催化剂产业化、实用化也是科学家们需要考虑的问题,希望今后有更多中试乃至大试的研究成果出现。建议基于铜基材料制作电催化一体化设备,并对铜基材料电催化产氨建设专项应用试点。

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