1.School of Materials Science and Engineering,Jingdezhen Ceramic University,Jingdezhen333000,China
2.Jingdezhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Ceramic Materials,Jingdezhen Ceramic University,Jingdezhen333000,China
Citations
ZHOU Tianxiang,XIONG Chengrong,LI Kun,TANG Miao,ZHU Jinming,NAN Zhuopeng,SHI Wei,DONG Gang. Advances in Cu-based photocatalysts for CO2 reduction [J]. Copper Engineering,2025(6):62-72.
Abstract
Under the guidance of China's "peak carbon dioxide emissions" and "carbon neutrality" targets, research on carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion into high-value carbon-containing products is of significant importance. However, most photocatalysts suffer from the low separation efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers and a scarcity of reaction sites, leading to a low photocatalytic CO2 reduction activity. Copper (Cu) attracts widespread attention in the field of photocatalytic CO2 reduction due to the non-toxicity, abundant reserves, and excellent catalytic performance. In addition to low cost and ease to prepare, Cu-based photocatalysts possess many characteristics such as tunable electronic structures, excellent CO2 adsorption properties, and stable reaction intermediates that promote C-C coupling, which are conducive to the formation of C2+ products in the reaction. Cu as the catalytic sites can effectively improve the photocatalytic CO2 reduction. By regulating the electronic structure of Cu catalytic sites, the selectivity of photocatalytic CO2 reduction can be enhanced. On the other hand, abundant catalytic sites act as channels for the transfer of photogenerated electrons, accelerating the separation of photogenerated charge carriers in the semiconductor photocatalyst. Based on different design schemes, this article discussed the impact of three different forms of Cu catalytic sites on photocatalytic CO2 reduction and provided an outlook on the future development of Cu catalytic site design in the field of photocatalytic CO2 reduction.
大气中二氧化碳(CO2)浓度的增加已经引发全球对气候变化和环境污染的关注[ RAN J R,JARONIEC M,QIAO S Z. Cocatalysts in semiconductor‐based photocatalytic CO2 reduction:achievements,challenges,and opportunities[J]. Advanced Materials,2018,30(7):1704649. 刘含笑,朱海舰,于立元,等. 铜加工产品碳足迹评价与低碳设计[J]. 铜业工程,2024(6):127-137. SADANANDAN A M,YANG J H,DEVTADE V,et al. Carbon nitride based nanoarchitectonics for nature-inspired photocatalytic CO2 reduction[J]. Progress in Materials Science,2024,142:101242. 1-3]。近年来,已经开发了多种技术用于降低大气中CO2的浓度[ HOU L Q,XIE X J,SONG T,et al. Implantation of non-metal redox sites in conjugated triazine frameworks for visible-light-driven reduction of CO2 to C2+ products[J]. Applied Catalysis B:Environment Energy,2025,368:125123. 4]。例如,Wang等[ WANG Y,WANG J R,CAI R,et al. Enhanced local CO coverage on Cu quantum dots for boosting electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to ethylene[J]. Advanced Functional Materials,2025,35(13):2417764. 5]利用Cu量子点作为电极,提高了CO2电催化还原为C2H4的活性。然而,这一过程仍要消耗电能作为驱动力。相比之下,光催化技术利用太阳光作为驱动力,可将CO2还原为有价值的化学品,是一种绿色且可持续的能源生产和环境处理方式[ FANG S Y,RAHAMAN M,BHARTI J,et al. Photocatalytic CO2 reduction[J]. Nature Reviews Methods Primers,2023,3:61. 刘孟平. 镁基纳米材料的设计合成及光催化CO2还原性能研究[D]. 武汉: 湖北大学,2023:1-5. JIA G R,ZHANG Y C,YU J C,et al. Asymmetric atomic dual‐sites for photocatalytic CO2 reduction[J]. Advanced Materials,2024,36(38):2403153. 6-8]。然而,传统的单一半导体光催化剂因光吸收差、载流子复合快、缺乏催化位点等,使得CO2还原效率较低[ DU Y,TANG Y T,MA X Q,et al. Design,synthesis,and diverse applications of Cu-based photocatalysts:a review[J]. Crystal Growth Design,2024,24(6):2592-2618. CHI X,LAN Z A,CHEN Q,et al. Electronic transmission channels promoting charge separation of conjugated polymers for photocatalytic CO2 reduction with controllable selectivity[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2023,62(22):e202303785. 9-10]。最近的研究表明,铜(Cu)因其无毒性、储量丰富,且具有良好的催化活性而成为光催化CO2还原有潜力的候选材料[ WANG W L,WANG L,SU W,et al. Photocatalytic CO2 reduction over copper-based materials:a review[J]. Journal of CO2 Utilization,2022,61:102056. 刘成宝,金涛,钱君超,等. CuS-Ag/g-C3N4三相复合材料的合成及其光催化性能研究[J]. 稀有金属,2023,47(8):1104-1112. 王蕾,宋欣怡,童海健,等. 光还原法制备花状Bi/CuS可见光催化剂及其性能研究[J]. 稀有金属,2023,47(1):177-185. 11-13]。此外,Cu作为一种3d轨道的过渡金属,具有不同的价态形式,能够以单电子或双电子转移途径与CO2和水(H2O)发生作用,在光照下转化为不同产物[ 杨娜,黄玮,王玉琦,等. 铜及其合金梯度结构制备及性能研究进展[J]. 铜业工程,2024(1):67-80. XIN Y,YU K F,ZHANG L T,et al. Copper‐based plasmonic catalysis:recent advances and future perspectives[J]. Advanced materials,2021,33(32):2008145. 14-15]。更重要的是,Cu对*CO中间体具有适中的结合亲和力,这能够有效地将CO转化为C2+产品[ ZHOU Y X,YAO Y B,ZHAO R,et al. Stabilization of Cu+ via strong electronic interaction for selective and stable CO2 electroreduction[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2022,134(31):e202205832. 16]。基于此,借助Cu作为催化位点,与半导体光催化剂结合,能够有效提高光催化CO2还原活性[ ALI S,RAZZAQ A,KIM H,et al. Activity,selectivity,and stability of earth-abundant CuO/Cu2O/Cu0-based photocatalysts toward CO2 reduction[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2022,429:131579. 崔童,杜善豪,钱高祥,等. 原位合成颗粒增强铜基复合材料的研究进展[J]. 铜业工程,2024(2):131-138. 17-18]。首先,通过调节Cu催化位点的电子结构,可以提升光催化CO2还原的选择性[ TAKEDA H,OHASHI K,SEKINE A,et al. Photocatalytic CO2 reduction using Cu (Ⅰ) photosensitizers with a Fe (Ⅱ) catalyst[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,2016,138(13):4354-4357. 19];其次,Cu催化位点作为光生电子的转移通道,可加速基体光催化剂的光生载流子的分离[ XIAO X D,GAO Y T,ZHANG L P,et al. A promoted charge separation/transfer system from Cu single atoms and C3N4 layers for efficient photocatalysis[J]. Advanced Materials,2020,32(33):2003082. 20];最后,在基体半导体催化剂上,丰富的活性位点能够提高对CO2的吸附能力[ PAN S,LI J,WEN Z C,et al. Halide perovskite materials for photo (electro) chemical applications:dimensionality,heterojunction,and performance[J]. Advanced Energy Materials,2022,12(4):2004002. 21]。目前,研究报道的基体半导体包括TiO2[ ZHU K N,ZHU Q,JIANG M P,et al. Modulating Ti t2g orbital occupancy in a Cu/TiO2composite for selective photocatalytic CO2 reduction to CO[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2022,61(34):e202207600. WANG T,SUN F L,LIU S J,et al. Dioxygen-enhanced CO2 photoreduction on TiO2 supported Cu single-atom sites[J]. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2023,325:122339. 22-23],CeO2[ WANG T,CHEN L,CHEN C,et al. Engineering catalytic interfaces in Cuδ+/CeO2-TiO2 photocatalysts for synergistically boosting CO2 reduction to ethylene[J]. ACS nano,2022,16(2):2306-2318. 24],ZnO[ TU W F,REN P C,LI Y J,et al. Gas-dependent active sites on Cu/ZnO clusters for CH3OH synthesis[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,2023,145(16):8751-8756. 25],WO3[ LIU X Y,WANG P F,LI Y,et al. Reinforced upconversion and charge separation via mid-gap states in WO3 nanosheet with infrared light driven tetracycline degradation[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2022,431:134134. ZENG D,WANG H P,ZHU X D,et al. Photocatalytic conversion of CO2 to acetic acid by CuPt/WO3:chloride enhanced C-C coupling mechanism[J]. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2023,323:122177. 26-27],CdS[ CAO H,XUE J W,WANG Z Y,et al. Construction of atomically dispersed Cu sites and S vacancies on CdS for enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2021,9(30):16339-16344. 28]和g-C3N4[ SUN Z M,FANG W,ZHAO L,et al. g-C3N4 foam/Cu2O QDs with excellent CO2 adsorption and synergistic catalytic effect for photocatalytic CO2 reduction[J]. Environment International,2019,130:104898. SUN Z M,FANG W,ZHAO L,et al. 3D porous Cu-NPs/g-C3N4 foam with excellent CO2 adsorption and Schottky junction effect for photocatalytic CO2 reduction[J]. Applied Surface Science,2020,504:144347. 29-30]等。然而,随着光催化CO2还原的要求越来越高,对基体半导体催化剂上负载的Cu催化位点的要求也愈发苛刻,而不同形式负载的Cu催化位点对光催化CO2还原的作用也不同[ HIRAGOND C B,POWAR N S,LEE J H,et al. Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) for photocatalytic CO2 reduction with H2O:activity,product selectivity,stability,and surface chemistry[J]. Small,2022,18(29):2201428. 31]。
CO2是一种稳定的线性分子,具有750 kJ/mol的高C=O键能,并且在其最高占据分子轨道(HOMO)和最低未占据分子轨道(LUMO)之间具有较大的能隙(13.7 eV)[ NGUYEN T P,NGUYEN D L T,NGUYEN V H,et al. Recent advances in TiO2-based photocatalysts for reduction of CO2 to fuels[J]. Nanomaterials,2020,10(2):337. 32]。因此,光催化CO2还原需要注入高能量来破坏C=O键[ LI K,PENG B S,PENG T Y. Recent advances in heterogeneous photocatalytic CO2 conversion to solar fuels[J]. ACS Catalysis,2016,6(11):7485-7527. 33]。而CO2具有光学惰性,不能自发转化太阳能,因此需要借助光催化材料将太阳能转化为可用能量来还原CO2。
在光催化CO2还原过程中,半导体光催化剂在光照下产生光生电子和空穴,这些光生电子和空穴与吸附在光催化剂表面的CO2分子在催化反应位点上发生反应,从而将CO2还原为多种产物,如CO,HCOOH,HCHO,CH3OH和CH4等[ ZHANG Y Z,XIA B Q,RAN J R,et al. Atomic‐level reactive sites for semiconductor‐based photocatalytic CO2 reduction[J]. Advanced Energy Materials,2020,10(9):1903879. 34]。然而,这一过程复杂且多样,不同的反应路径和还原电位会导致不同的最终产物生成。图1以及化学式(1~6)为这些产物所需的还原电位,是相对于pH=7时的标准氢电极(standard hydrogen electrode,SHE)的氧化还原电位(E0,V)。
式(1)
式(2)
式(3)
式(4)
式(5)
式(6)
图1 光催化CO2还原对应的不同产物及相应电位
Fig. 1 Different products and corresponding potentials for photocatalytic CO2 reduction
其中,最强的氧化还原电位–1.90 V[式(1)]是CO2分子在其光催化剂表面上接受第一个电子时所需的电位。这一电位高主要是由于线性CO2分子在光催化剂表面发生弯曲时需要克服较高的能量障碍,这是许多光催化CO2还原系统中的关键限制步骤[ YE S,WANG R,WU M Z,et al. A review on g-C3N4 for photocatalytic water splitting and CO2 reduction[J]. Applied Surface Science,2015,358:15-27. 35]。然而,当CO2分子被吸附在光催化剂表面时,C=O键会发生弯曲,这可以降低CO2的反应势垒,使得电子更容易转移到CO2分子上[ XU Q L,XIA Z H,ZHANG J M,et al. Recent advances in solar‐driven CO2 reduction over g‐C3N4‐based photocatalysts[J]. Carbon Energy,2023,5(2):e205. 36]。此外,涉及质子的多电子转移过程也可以降低CO2还原的还原能力要求,甚至可以跳过CO2−形成步骤,是一种可行的还原路径[ LI M L,ZHANG L X,FAN X Q,et al. Highly selective CO2 photoreduction to CO over g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 composites under visible light[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2015,3(9):5189-5196. 37]。
Cu-纳米催化位点是将Cu纳米材料负载于基体半导体光催化剂中。这些Cu纳米材料一般为Cu纳米颗粒(NPs)形态,部分呈现Cu团簇(NCs)形态。这些位点位于基体半导体的表面,易于吸附CO2。并且能够接受半导体光催化剂产生的光生电子,抑制光生载流子的复合[ 陈颖. 聚苯胺负载铜基催化剂的制备及其在C-N偶联反应中的应用[D]. 扬州: 扬州大学,2024:6-15. ZHANG H L,REN X Z,ZHANG B,et al. Size effect of Cu nanoparticles in Cu/g-C3N4 composites on properties for highly efficient photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to methanol[J]. ACS Applied Materials Interfaces,2023,15(46):53515-53525. 38-39]。Torres等[ TORRES J A,DA CRUZ J C,NOGUEIRA A E,et al. Role of Cu0-TiO2 interaction in catalyst stability in CO2 photoreduction process[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering,2022,10(2):107291. 40]通过使用硼氢化钠溶液还原铜硝酸盐,将Cu NPs沉积在TiO2表面。如图2(a~c)所示,透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope,TEM)和高角度透射电子显微镜(high-resolution TEM,HR-TEM)清晰地显示了Cu NPs高度分散在TiO2表面的微观结构。这种高度分散的Cu NPs能够有效捕获TiO2在光催化过程中产生的光生电子,从而显著抑制光生电子与空穴的复合,进而提高光催化效率[见图2(d)]。研究发现,随着Cu NPs含量的增加,Cu NPs-TiO2复合材料在光催化CO2还原过程中生成的产物会发生显著变化。如图2(e)所示,金属Cu(Cu0)在CO产率上表现出更高的选择性(82.32%),而纯TiO2对CH4的选择性为62.44%。然而,随着异质结构的形成,光催化剂的活性增加,且随着TiO2上Cu含量的变化,选择性也发生变化。由图2(f)可知:除了获得的C1产品(CH4,CO和CH3OH),还生成了含有两个或更多碳原子(C2+)的产品,如乙酸(C2H4O2)、丙酮(C3H6O)和异丙醇(C3H8O),横坐标中的*30%样品代表在草酸钠溶液中进行的TiO2/Cu 30%样本CO2光还原实验。虽然也伴随着副产物H2的产生,但来自光催化CO2还原的产品的选择性明显更大。
Fig. 2 (a) TEM image of Cu NPs-TiO2;(b,c) Corresponding HR-TEM images;(d) Photoluminescence spectra of samples with different Cu NPs content;(e) Analysis of gaseous products and (f) liquid products after photocatalytic CO2 reduction for Cu0,TiO2 and samples with different Cu NPs content,following 6 h of reaction in H2O[ TORRES J A,DA CRUZ J C,NOGUEIRA A E,et al. Role of Cu0-TiO2 interaction in catalyst stability in CO2 photoreduction process[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering,2022,10(2):107291. 40]
尽管已经证明Cu NPs的引入能够加速催化剂上光生电子-空穴的分离,但是过量Cu NPs会导致其团聚,这可能会降低催化剂表面活性位点,导致光催化活性下降[ ROY N K,FOONG C S,CULLINAN M A. Effect of size,morphology,and synthesis method on the thermal and sintering properties of copper nanoparticles for use in microscale additive manufacturing processes[J]. Additive Manufacturing,2018,21:17-29. 41]。Albo等[ ALBO J,QADIR M I,SAMPERI M,et al. Use of an optofluidic microreactor and Cu nanoparticles synthesized in ionic liquid and embedded in TiO2 for an efficient photoreduction of CO2 to methanol[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2021,404:126643. 42]通过使用光流体微反应器在离子液体中将Cu NPs嵌入至TiO2结构中。研究发现,TiO2呈现出典型的二维层状结构,而Cu NPs的引入不会改变TiO2的主要形貌。进一步对催化剂的光催化CO2活性进行分析,发现CH3OH以及C2H5OH的产率随着Cu负载的增加而增加,直到Cu含量为2%时达到最大。然而,更高的Cu负载可能导致颗粒团聚,减少光活性表面,并限制CO2和OH−的接触,从而降低光催化活性。
在Cu-纳米催化位点中,Cu纳米团簇(Cu NCs)也被广泛研究[ LIU Y P,YU J L,LUN Y F,et al. Ligand design in atomically precise copper nanoclusters and their application in electrocatalytic reactions[J]. Advanced Functional Materials,2023,33(44):2304184. 43]。Bao等[ BAO X L,ZHANG M H,WANG Z Y,et al. Molten-salt assisted synthesis of Cu clusters modified TiO2 with oxygen vacancies for efficient photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2022,445:136718. 44]通过简便的熔盐法获得了Cu NCs修饰的含氧空位(OVs)的TiO2样品(命名为COCT)。为了研究不同铜含量对材料性能的影响,他们通过调控合成过程中二水合氯化铜(CuCl2·2H2O)的添加量(分别为0,5,10,12.3和20 mg),制备了5个不同样品,依次命名为COCT-1~COCT-5。如图3(a~d)所示,通过高角环形暗场扫描透射电子显微镜(AC HAADF-STEM)证实了Cu物种以由4至5个Cu原子(0.255 nm)组成的团簇形式存在于TiO2表面。高度分散的Cu NCs使得COCT表现出优异的光催化CO2还原为CO的性能,CO生成速率最高达到40.3 μmol/(h·g),如图3(e)所示。密度泛函理论(DFT)计算结果表明,Cu NCs的负载降低了光催化CO2还原反应过程中的自由能,促进了CO2的吸附和活化,同时促进了*COOH中间体的形成,提高了CO的还原选择性,如图3(f~g)所示。
图3 (a)COCT-3的TEM图像和 (b)HR-TEM图像;(c)COCT-3的校正像差扫描透射电子显微镜(STEM)图像(插图为团簇尺寸分布,用红色圆圈标记的为Cu NCs);(d)选定区域中Ti,O和Cu元素的能谱(EDS)结果;(e)不同样品的光催化活性;(f)将CO2还原为CO的吉布斯自由能(ΔG)图;(g)COCT-3上CO2还原过程的原位傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR):(1)原始COCT-3;(2)在黑暗中流动CO2气体30 min;光照射(3)10 min,(4)20 min和(5)50 min
Fig. 3 (a) TEM and (b) HR-TEM image of COCT-3;(c) Aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (AC-STEM) images of COCT-3 (inset:cluster size distribution; Cu NCs were marked with red circles);(d) Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mappings of Ti,O,and Cu in selected area;(e) Photocatalytic activity of different samples;(f) Gibbs free energy (ΔG) diagram for reduction of CO2 into CO;(g) In situ Fourier transform infrared (in-situ FTIR) spectra for CO2 reduction process on COCT-3:(1) Pristine COCT-3;(2) With flowing CO2 gas for 30 min in dark and with irradiation for (3) 10 min,(4) 20 min,and (5) 50 min[ BAO X L,ZHANG M H,WANG Z Y,et al. Molten-salt assisted synthesis of Cu clusters modified TiO2 with oxygen vacancies for efficient photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2022,445:136718. 44]
为了改善Cu-纳米催化位点的团聚现象,研究者们通过取代光催化剂晶格中的原子将Cu纳米材料负载到光催化剂的晶格中,形成Cu-晶格催化位点[ CHEN H M,LI S Y,MA P J,et al. Lattice-confined Cu-TiO2 catalysts with significantly improved activity and thermal stability for CO2 hydrogenation[J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry Engineering,2023,11(51):18112-18122. 45]。这些位点集中在催化剂的晶格上,为CO2还原提供稳定和活跃的催化位点。并且,由于其在晶格结构中,因此通常表现出增强的耐久性和活性[ SUN Z,YU S F,TOAN S,et al. Enabling low-temperature methanol activation via lattice oxygen induced Cu-O-Cr catalysis[J]. ACS Catalysis,2023,13(20):13704-13716. 46]。Xiong等[ XIONG Z,XU Z W,LI Y Z,et al. Incorporating highly dispersed and stable Cu+ into TiO2 lattice for enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction with water[J]. Applied Surface Science,2020,507:145095. 47]通过火焰喷雾热解法(FSP)将高度分散的Cu+掺杂到TiO2晶格中,并根据预设的Cu/(Cu+Ti)摩尔比(0.5,1和2%),将样品分别命名为CuTi-0.5,CuTi-1和CuTi-2。如图4(a~b)所示,X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)证实了Cu纳米材料以Cu+的形式存在于TiO2的晶格中。如图4(c)所示,光致发光光谱(photoluminescence spectroscopy,PL光谱)表明,适量的Cu掺杂能够显著提升光生载流子的分离速率,进而增强光催化性能。然而,当Cu掺杂量过高(如达到2%)时,光生载流子的分离速率反而下降。这可能是由于过量的Cu在晶格中充当了光生电荷的复合中心,阻碍了载流子的有效分离,从而削弱了光催化性能。值得注意的是,CuTi-1样品在光催化过程中表现出卓越的CO生成性能,分别为43.5和16.7 μmol/g,分别是原始TiO2的2.8倍和8.4倍,如图4(d,e)所示。此外,经过12 h,3次循环测试后,CuTi-1的光催化活性仅略有降低,这表明高度分散在TiO2晶格中的Cu+离子具有极高的稳定性,几乎不会发生团聚现象,如图4(f)所示。
Fig. 4 (a) XRD patterns of CuTi samples;(b) Cu 2p XPS spectra of CuTi catalysts;(c) PL spectra of as-prepared sample;(d) CO and (e) CH4 yields over CuTi catalysts during 4 h light irradiation;(f) Cycle performance of CuTi-1 catalyst after 4 h light irradiation[ XIONG Z,XU Z W,LI Y Z,et al. Incorporating highly dispersed and stable Cu+ into TiO2 lattice for enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction with water[J]. Applied Surface Science,2020,507:145095. 47]
在光催化剂中调控Cu-晶格催化位点相对复杂,因为在负载过程中,部分Cu可能会留在光催化剂的表面,而留在表面上的Cu与晶格中的Cu相互作用,从而影响光催化效率[ SMITH J L,TRAN N,SONG T T,et al. Robust bulk micro-nano hierarchical copper structures possessing exceptional bactericidal efficacy[J]. Biomaterials,2022,280:121271. 48]。Zhu等[ ZHU S,CHEN X F,LI Z C,et al. Cooperation between inside and outside of TiO2:lattice Cu+ accelerates carrier migration to the surface of metal copper for photocatalytic CO2 reduction[J]. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2020,264:118515. 49]通过原位离子热法制备了Cu/Cu+修饰的Ti3+/TiO2(Cu/Cu+@TiO2),并将其作为一种高选择性的光催化剂用于CO2的光催化还原。在TiO2晶格内形成的丰富的Cu+-O价态增强了载流子传输效率,而表面的金属铜是CO2还原的活性位点。Cu/Cu+@TiO2内外Cu之间的协同效应显著增加了电子载流子密度。更重要的是,Cu/Cu+@TiO2中的光生电子可以100%用于CO2还原,这得益于表面羟基的促进作用,并且没有检测到H2的产生。这项工作将为提高传统光催化剂如TiO2的CO2还原光催化效率提供理论依据与新的路径。
随着光催化CO2还原技术的不断发展,高效催化剂的市场需求不断扩大。近年来,Cu催化活性位点的设计逐渐优化,尤其是将Cu以单原子形式负载于催化剂中,已成为研究热点[ YIN H B,DONG F,WANG D S,et al. Coupling Cu single atoms and phase junction for photocatalytic CO2 reduction with 100% CO selectivity[J]. ACS Catalysis,2022,12(22):14096-14105. 50]。在Cu单原子催化位点中,每个Cu原子独立分散于催化剂表面或晶格中,这种高度分散的特性显著提高了原子的利用效率[ ZENG D,WANG H P,ZHU X D,et al. Single-atom copper modified hexagonal tungsten oxide for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction to acetic acid[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2023,451:138801. 51]。此外,Cu单原子具有独特的配位环境,通常与周围原子(如O,N或S)形成单一位点结构。这种结构使得电子高度局部化,从而赋予Cu单原子作为电子转移活性中心的特性[ JING Y N,YIN X L,LI L L. Cu-based materials as co-catalysts for photocatalytic CO2 reduction:a mini review[J]. Materials Today Sustainability,2024,26:100796. 52]。并且,由于金属原子对CO2分子具有天然的亲和力,Cu单原子的引入能够增强催化剂对CO2的吸附能力,进而提高光催化CO2还原的活性[ ZHANG Y Z,XIA B Q,RAN J R,et al. Atomic‐level reactive sites for semiconductor‐based photocatalytic CO2 reduction[J]. Advanced Energy Materials,2020,10(9):1903879. 34]。Li等[ LI Y,LI B H,ZHANG D N,et al. Crystalline carbon nitride supported copper single atoms for photocatalytic CO2 reduction with nearly 100% CO selectivity[J]. ACS Nano,2020,14(8):10552-10561. 53]通过熔盐和回流方法,在结晶态氮化碳(crystalline carbon nitride,CCN)纳米棒上成功负载了单原子Cu作为催化位点。如图5(a,b)所示,X射线吸收光谱(X-ray absorption fine structure,XAFS)和扩展X射线吸收光谱(extended X-ray absorption fine structure,EXAFS)分析表明,Cu原子以Cu2+的形式与N原子形成Cu-N键分散在CCN上。这种键合结构有利于光生电子在原子水平上的迁移,缩短了光生电子的转移距离,从而显著提高光生载流子的分离效率。同时,高角度环形暗场的扫描透射电子显微镜(high-angle annular dark field-STEM,HAADF-STEM)图像[图5(c)]清晰显示了许多随机分布的亮点,每个亮点代表一个单独的Cu原子,这证实了Cu原子在Cu-CCN样品中以单原子形式高度分散于CCN表面。这种高度分散的Cu单原子为光催化CO2还原提供了丰富的活性位点,从而改善材料的光催化性能。此外,DFT计算结果表明,在Cu-CCN样品上将CO2还原为CH4是一个熵增加的过程,而将CO2还原为CO是一个熵减少的过程,这表明Cu的引入使得催化反应更倾向将CO2还原为CO[图5(d)]。因此,Cu-CCN样品展现了增强的光催化CO2还原,近乎100%选择性地将CO2光催化转化为CO[图5(e)]。此外,图5(f)进一步表明,Cu原子嵌入CCN的骨架结构中,作为CO2的吸附位点,从而选择性地促进CO2还原为CO。
Fig. 5 (a) The normalized XAFS spectra and (b) Fourier-transformed EXAFS spectra of Cu-CCN,CuO,Cu2O,Cu Pc and Cu foil (the inset in (a) shows the enlarged spectra at Cu L3-edge;the inset in (b) shows the model of the introduction of single Cu atom into carbon nitride);(c) HAADF-STEM image of Cu-CCN samples;(d) Reaction pathways for photocatalytic CO2 reduction and the corresponding chemical molecular structure on Cu-CCN samples based on DFT calculation ("*" represents adsorption site on the substrate);(e) Photocatalytic activity of CO2 reduction of Cu-CCN,CCN,BCN samples under light illumination for 1 h;(f) Theoretical model of Cu-CCN[ LI Y,LI B H,ZHANG D N,et al. Crystalline carbon nitride supported copper single atoms for photocatalytic CO2 reduction with nearly 100% CO selectivity[J]. ACS Nano,2020,14(8):10552-10561. 53]
此外,在金属氧化物半导体(如TiO2)上引入Cu-原子催化位点,将会同时引入O空位。这是因为Cu单原子可能聚集在TiO2的表面或缺陷位点,这些区域的表面活性增强可能会促进氧空位的形成[ WANG T,SUN F L,LIU S J,et al. Dioxygen-enhanced CO2 photoreduction on TiO2 supported Cu single-atom sites[J]. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2023,325:122339. 23, LEE B H,PARK S,KIM M,et al. Reversible and cooperative photoactivation of single-atom Cu/TiO2 photocatalysts[J]. Nature Materials,2019,18(6):620-626. 54]。在光催化CO2还原反应中,O空位的存在可能协同Cu单原子共同促进光催化效率[ WANG T,SUN F L,LIU S J,et al. Dioxygen-enhanced CO2 photoreduction on TiO2 supported Cu single-atom sites[J]. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2023,325:122339. 23]。Shen等[ SHEN Y,REN C J,ZHENG L R,et al. Room-temperature photosynthesis of propane from CO2 with Cu single atoms on vacancy-rich TiO2[J]. Nature Communications,2023,14:1117. 55]通过在原子级层状(single layer,SL)厚度的Ti0.91O2单层上植入Cu单原子,制备了一种高效的光催化剂,可将CO2转化为C3H8。如图6(a,b)所示,通过XAFS证实了单原子Cu催化活性位点的存在,而Cu单原子促进了Ti0.91O2基质中邻近O空位(Vo)的形成[如图6(c)]。这些O空位调节了Cu原子与相邻Ti原子之间的电子耦合作用[如图6(d)]。研究发现,VOs的存在促进了Cu-Ti配位上的不对称电子分布[如图6(e,f)]。结果表明,在Cu单原子和VOs的协同作用下,实现了高达64.8%的基于电子的选择性(基于产品的C3H8选择性为32.4%),以及86.2%的总C2+烃类的选择性(基于产品的C2+烃类选择性为50.2%)[如图6(g~i)]。
Fig. 6 (a) Normalized XANES spectra at Cu K-edge;(b) Fourier transforms of EXAFS spectra at Cu K-edge;(c) The atomic structure configuration of Cu-Ti-VO/Ti0.91O2-SL [colour codes:light blue (Ti),blue (Cu),and red (O)];(d) Partial density of states (PDOS),d-band centers and Ef of Cu 3d and Ti 3d orbitals;Charge density differences between (e) Cu-O/Ti0.91O2-SL and (f) Cu-Ti-VO/Ti0.91O2-SL (yellow represents electron accumulation,and purple denotes electron depletion);(g)Photocatalytic product evolution as a function of light irradiation times on Cu-Ti-VO/Ti0.91O2-SL;(h) Product formation rates and (i) selectivity of CO2 reduction on Ti0.91O2-SL,Cu-O/Ti0.91O2-SL,and Cu-Ti-VO/Ti0.91O2-SL (error bars indicate standard deviations)[ SHEN Y,REN C J,ZHENG L R,et al. Room-temperature photosynthesis of propane from CO2 with Cu single atoms on vacancy-rich TiO2[J]. Nature Communications,2023,14:1117. 55]
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