Current Progress and Trend Analysis of High-Performance Copper-Processed Materials in the Field of New Energy Vehicles
Citations
LI Yuanyi,LIN Wenwen,WANG Zixun,MIAO Bin, LIN Guanqi. Current progress and trend analysis of high-performance copper-processed materials in the field of new energy vehicles[J]. Copper Engineering,2025(6):85-109.
4.State Key Laboratory of Precision Welding and Joining of Materials and Structures,Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin150001,China
5.Faculty of Computing,Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin150001,China
Citations
LI Yuanyi,LIN Wenwen,WANG Zixun,MIAO Bin, LIN Guanqi. Current progress and trend analysis of high-performance copper-processed materials in the field of new energy vehicles[J]. Copper Engineering,2025(6):85-109.
Abstract
With the swift expansion of the new energy vehicle (NEV) industry, there is a surging demand for high-performance materials. Copper-processed materials are renowned for their exceptional electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and mechanical properties, which are demonstrating vast application potential in the NEV sectors. This brief review presented a systematic overview of the current research on the application of high-performance copper-processed materials in NEVs. It began with a comprehensive elaboration of the fundamental properties of copper-processed materials and their significance in NEVs. Subsequently, it meticulously combed through their specific applications in key components such as the electric drive system, battery system, and electronic control system. This included application cases and performance advantages in motor windings and battery connection sheets. The review further analyzed the challenges currently faced by copper-processed materials, such as the enhancement of electrical conductivity, thermal management issues, and cost control. It also explored corresponding solutions and research progress. Finally, it prospected the future development trend of high-performance copper-processed materials in the NEV field. It pointed out that through material innovation and process optimization, there was a promising prospect to further enhance the performance of copper-processed materials. This would meet the demand of the NEV industry for high-performance materials and provide some references and inspiration for promoting in-depth research and extensive application of copper-processed materials in the NEV field.
Keywords
high-performance copper;new energy vehicle;electric drive system;battery system;electric control system;
近年来,随着全球对环境保护和可持续发展的关注度不断提高,新能源汽车作为减少碳排放、应对能源危机的关键解决方案之一,得到了迅猛发展[ YANGZ L,LI Q,CHARLES V,et al. Supporting personalized new energy vehicle purchase decision-making:customer reviews and product recommendation platform[J]. International Journal of Production Economics,2023,265:109003. WANG J L,WANG B Q,ZHANG L,et al. Review of bidirectional DC-DC converter topologies for hybrid energy storage system of new energy vehicles[J]. Green Energy and Intelligent Transportation,2022,1(2):100010. XIAO Y Y,ZHANG Y,KAKU I,et al. Electric vehicle routing problem:a systematic review and a new comprehensive model with nonlinear energy recharging and consumption[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2021,151:111567. 邱伟. 新能源汽车动力电池结构及成组技术综述[J]. 时代汽车,2024(5):107-111. 赫炎. 从CTP、CTC、CTB浅谈电动汽车动力电池集成技术[J]. 世界汽车,2022(6):70-71. 1-5]。各国政府纷纷出台支持政策,推动新能源汽车的研发、生产与推广,使其市场占有率逐年攀升[ 黄潇辉, 李聪波, 陶桂宝, 等. 新能源汽车齿轮高效精密加工技术与装备研究进展 [J]. 机械工程学报,2025, 61(13):45-66. 王芳,夏军. 电动汽车动力电池系统安全分析与设计[M]. 北京:科学出版社,2016. 胡建国. 新能源汽车动力电池与整车先进集成技术综述[J]. 时代汽车,2022(23):112-117. YUAN X L,LIU X,ZUO J. The development of new energy vehicles for a sustainable future:a review[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015,42:298-305. 6-9]。据国际能源署数据,全球新能源汽车保有量从2015年的约100万辆增长至2023年的3000多万辆,预计到2030年将突破1亿辆[ 金奎,何鹏申. 新能源汽车电池车身一体化技术及工艺[J]. 汽车制造业,2023(4):6-8,10-12. 刘渺然,翟旭亮,吕宁,等. 动力电池集成关键技术研究现状及展望[J]. 汽车文摘,2023(4):1-6. ASIM M,BAIG T,SIDDIQUI F R,et al. Advancements in thermal management solutions for electric vehicle high-power electronics:innovations,cooling methods,and future perspectives[J]. Journal of Energy Storage,2025,111:115344. 安富强,赵洪量,程志,等. 纯电动车用锂离子电池发展现状与研究进展[J]. 工程科学学报,2019,41(1):22-42. JONES-JACKSON S, RODRIGUEZ R, EMADI A. Jet impingement cooling in power electronics for electrified automotive transportation: current status and future trends[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2021, 36(9): 10420-10435. 10-14]。在中国,新能源汽车产业更是呈现出蓬勃发展态势,2023年新能源汽车产销量超过900万辆,已连续9年位居全球首位,成为全球新能源汽车发展的重要驱动力[ WANGZ C,DU C Q. A comprehensive review on thermal management systems for power lithium-ion batteries[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2021,139:110685. FENG X N, OUYANG M, LIU X, et al. Thermal runaway mechanism of lithium ion battery for electric vehicles: a review[J]. Energy Storage Materials, 2018, 10: 246-267. WU T Q, CHEN H D, WANG Q S, et al. Comparison analysis on the thermal runaway of lithium-ion battery under two heating modes[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2018, 344: 733-741. REN D S, FENG X N, LU L G, et al. Overcharge behaviors and failure mechanism of lithium-ion batteries under different test conditions[J]. Applied Energy, 2019, 250: 323-332. LI W, XIAO M, PENG X B, et al. A surrogate thermal modeling and parametric optimization of battery pack with air cooling for EVs[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2019, 147: 90-100. 15-19]。
图1为新能源汽车能量存储系统部件(包括电池单元和电池热管理系统)的示意图[ GHAREHGHANI A, RABIEI M, MEHRANFAR S, et al. Progress in battery thermal management systems technologies for electric vehicles[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2024, 202: 114654. 20]。可见,在新能源汽车的技术体系中,材料的性能起着至关重要的作用,直接影响车辆的续航里程、动力性能、安全性以及成本[ GHAREHGHANI A, RABIEI M, MEHRANFAR S, et al. Progress in battery thermal management systems technologies for electric vehicles[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2024, 202: 114654. 20]。铜作为一种优良的导电和导热材料,凭借其高导电性、良好的力学性能、耐腐蚀性等特点,在新能源汽车中占据关键地位。从电池系统中的电极材料、集流体,到电机的绕组线圈,再到电力传输系统的线束、连接器以及热管理系统的散热器等部件,铜材料的应用无处不在。据统计,一辆普通新能源汽车的用铜量约为80~100 kg,远高于传统燃油汽车,且随着新能源汽车技术的不断升级,对铜材料的性能要求也日益严苛[ RABIEI M,GHAREHGHANI A,ANDWARI A M. Enhancement of battery thermal management system using a novel structure of hybrid liquid cold plate[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2023,232:121051. FINI A S,GHAREHGHANI A. Experimental investigation on the impact of high-pressure PCM-based thermal management on lithium-ion battery module performance[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2024,249:123420. POURRAHMANI H,YAVARINASAB A,ZAHEDI R,et al. The applications of internet of things in the automotive industry:a review of the batteries,fuel cells,and engines[J]. Internet of Things,2022,19:100579. 21-23]。
图1 新能源汽车能量存储系统部件示意图(BTMS:电池热管理系统;PCM:相变材料;HP:热管)
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of energy storage system components in new energy vehicles[ GHAREHGHANI A, RABIEI M, MEHRANFAR S, et al. Progress in battery thermal management systems technologies for electric vehicles[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2024, 202: 114654. 20]
在全球科研格局中,欧美、日本等发达国家和地区对高性能铜加工材料的研究起步较早,目前其技术实力在世界范围内处于领先地位。在材料制备领域,美国橡树岭国家实验室率先采用先进的粉末冶金技术开展铜基复合材料的研发工作[ PAPPACENA K E, JOHNSON M T, WANG H, et al. Thermal properties of wood-derived copper-silicon carbide composites fabricated via electrodeposition[J]. Composites Science and Technology, 2010, 70(3): 478-484. ZHAO Y, WANG H, QIAN B S, et al. Copper-polydopamine composite derived from bioinspired polymer coating[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2018, 742: 191-198. ZHAO Y, WU Z G, DI CARLO F, et al. Enhancing the electrical and mechanical properties of copper by introducing nanocarbon derived from polydopamine coating [J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2019, 778: 288-293. 24-26]。通过精确控制粉末的粒度分布、烧结温度与压力等关键参数,成功制备出具有纳米晶结构的铜基复合材料。这种独特的微观结构使得材料内部的晶界数量大幅增加,电子散射效应得以有效调控,从而在显著提高材料强度的同时,依然保持了较高的导电性,并为航空航天、高端电子以及新能源汽车等领域的高性能零部件制造提供了全新的材料解决方案。
德国亚琛工业大学在铜合金制备技术方面同样成绩卓著。Schwich等[ SCHWICH H,GÖRZEN D,BLINN B,et al. Characterization of the precipitation behavior and resulting mechanical properties of copper-alloyed ferritic steel[J]. Materials Science and Engineering A,2020,772:138807. 27]、Görzen等[ GÖRZEN D,SCHWICH H,BLINN B,et al. Influence of different precipitation states of Cu on the quasi-static and cyclic deformation behavior of Cu alloyed steels with different carbon contents[J]. International Journal of Fatigue,2020,136:105587. GÖRZEN D,SCHWICH H,BLINN B,et al. Influence of Cu precipitates and C content on the defect tolerance of steels[J]. International Journal of Fatigue,2021,144:106042. 28-29]和Shen等[ SHEN X,GÖRZEN D,XU Z,et al. Nano-sized Cu precipitation and microstructural evolution in aged ultralow and medium carbon steels[J]. Materialia,2022,26:101626. 30]利用原位合成法制备弥散强化铜合金,借助先进的微观表征技术,如原子探针断层扫描等(图2)[ SCHWICH H,GÖRZEN D,BLINN B,et al. Characterization of the precipitation behavior and resulting mechanical properties of copper-alloyed ferritic steel[J]. Materials Science and Engineering A,2020,772:138807. 27],深入探究氧化铝弥散相在铜基体中的形核与生长机制,从而实现对弥散相尺寸(精确至纳米级别)和分布的精准控制。 如图3所示,Fe合金中Cu沉淀的序列始于体心立方(bcc)富Cu团簇,这些团簇在bcc-Fe基体中析出。随后的转变是bcc-Cu颗粒依次转变为9R相、3R相,经过长时间退火后,最终形成稳定的面心立方ε-Cu沉淀[ SCHWICH H,GÖRZEN D,BLINN B,et al. Characterization of the precipitation behavior and resulting mechanical properties of copper-alloyed ferritic steel[J]. Materials Science and Engineering A,2020,772:138807. 27]。采用该方法制备出的弥散相在高温环境下能够有效阻碍位错运动,抑制晶粒长大,使其在承受较高机械载荷的同时,仍能保持良好的导电性能和硬度,如图4所示[ SCHWICH H,GÖRZEN D,BLINN B,et al. Characterization of the precipitation behavior and resulting mechanical properties of copper-alloyed ferritic steel[J]. Materials Science and Engineering A,2020,772:138807. 27]。这一技术的突破为高性能电机制造提供了关键材料支撑,推动了电机向高功率密度、高效率方向发展。
图2 沉淀物中的元素3D原子分布图
Fig. 2 3D atom distribution maps in the selected precipitates[ SCHWICH H,GÖRZEN D,BLINN B,et al. Characterization of the precipitation behavior and resulting mechanical properties of copper-alloyed ferritic steel[J]. Materials Science and Engineering A,2020,772:138807. 27]
图3 氧化铝弥散相在铜基体中的形核与生长机制
Fig. 3 Nucleation and growth mechanisms of alumina dispersed phase in copper matrix[ SCHWICH H,GÖRZEN D,BLINN B,et al. Characterization of the precipitation behavior and resulting mechanical properties of copper-alloyed ferritic steel[J]. Materials Science and Engineering A,2020,772:138807. 27]
图4 马氏体硬度和循环硬化指数(CHT)与时效时间(ta)和时效温度(Ta)的关系
Fig. 4 Martens hardness and cyclic hardening exponent as a function of aging time and aging temperature[ SCHWICH H,GÖRZEN D,BLINN B,et al. Characterization of the precipitation behavior and resulting mechanical properties of copper-alloyed ferritic steel[J]. Materials Science and Engineering A,2020,772:138807. 27]
在新能源汽车应用研究层面,特斯拉作为全球电动汽车领域的领军企业,与全球顶尖的材料供应商建立了紧密的产学研合作关系,共同开展针对电动汽车关键部件用铜材料的专项研究。通过优化电解铜箔的生产工艺,采用新型添加剂和电解液体系,成功开发出适配电动汽车电池管理系统的高纯度(纯度达到99.99%以上)、低电阻铜箔[ XU B,ARJMANDZADEH Z. Parametric study on thermal management system for the range of full (Tesla Model S)/compact-size (Tesla Model 3) electric vehicles[J]. Energy Conversion and Management,2023,278:116753. LAI C G,SHAN S M,FENG S,et al. Numerical investigations on heat transfer enhancement and energy flow distribution for interlayer battery thermal management system using Tesla-valve mini-channel cooling[J]. Energy Conversion and Management,2023,280:116812. LIU Z X,HAN Q,HAN J W,et al. Flow boiling in a relatively large copper heat sink comprised of Tesla microchannels[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2025,236:126366. CHEN M T,LI Z Y. Conceptional design of passive system-level battery fire prevention device based on Tesla valve channel and phase change material[J]. Journal of Energy Storage,2025,107:114942. STOCK S, HAGEMEISTER J, GRABMANN S, et al. Cell teardown and characterization of an automotive prismatic LFP battery[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2023, 471: 143341. TAWALBEH M, ALI A, ALJAWRNEH B, et al. Progress in safe nano-structured electrolytes for sodium ion batteries: a comprehensive review[J]. Nano-Structures and Nano-Objects, 2024, 39: 101311. 31-36]。这种铜箔表面粗糙度低、晶体结构均匀,能够有效降低电池在充放电过程中的接触电阻,减少焦耳热的产生,进而显著提升电池的充放电效率和使用寿命。日本丰田汽车公司长期致力于汽车热管理系统的技术研发,对铜合金在热管理系统中的应用研究积累了丰富的经验,有着深厚的技术积累。该研究团队运用计算流体力学模拟技术与实验相结合的方法,对不同结构设计和材料选型的散热器进行了全面而深入的性能评估。通过优化铜合金的成分(如添加适量的Zn[ KWON M, LEE J, KO S, et al. Stimulating Cu–Zn alloying for compact Zn metal growth towards high energy aqueous batteries and hybrid supercapacitors[J]. Energy and Environmental Science, 2022, 15(7): 2889-2899. HAO X H,LIANG G X,HUANG Y G,et al. Effect of addition on microstructures and mechanical properties of cBN/Cu-Zn-Ti composites via the pulse electric current sintering[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2025,1010:177455. 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Dual-stage corrosion mechanisms and antibacterial enhancement of Cu-Sn-P alloys with Si and Al microalloying in simulated body fluid[J]. Materials and Design,2025,251:113635. 42-49]等元素)和加工工艺(如挤压、轧制后进行特定的热处理),提升了铜合金的导热性能和耐蚀性能,并将其应用于汽车发动机冷却系统和电池热管理系统的散热器制造中。结果表明,这种优化后的散热器能够在不同工况下(包括高温高速行驶、频繁启停等)快速有效地将热量散发出去,确保车辆各关键部件始终维持在适宜的工作温度范围内,从而保障车辆性能的稳定性和可靠性[ HAO X H,LIANG G X,HUANG Y G,et al. Effect of addition on microstructures and mechanical properties of cBN/Cu-Zn-Ti composites via the pulse electric current sintering[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2025,1010:177455. 38, QU L, ZHAO N, ZHAO H J, et al. In situ study of the real-time growth behavior of Cu6Sn5 at the Sn/Cu interface during the soldering reaction[J]. Scripta Materialia, 2014, 72-73: 43-46. XIAN J W, MA Z L, BELYAKOV S A, et al. Nucleation of tin on the Cu6Sn5 layer in electronic interconnections[J]. Acta Materialia, 2017, 123: 404-415. XIAN J W, BELYAKOV S A, OLLIVIER M, et al. Cu6Sn5 crystal growth mechanisms during solidification of electronic interconnections[J]. Acta Materialia, 2017, 126: 540-551. SU L,LIU W B,LIU Y F,et al. Dual-stage corrosion mechanisms and antibacterial enhancement of Cu-Sn-P alloys with Si and Al microalloying in simulated body fluid[J]. Materials and Design,2025,251:113635. 46-49]。
近年来,国内在高性能铜加工材料领域的研究呈现出蓬勃发展的态势,取得了长足进步,在多个关键技术方向上实现了重要突破,逐步缩小了与国际先进水平的差距,有力地推动了中国相关产业的技术升级与发展[ WANG Q R,LV W Q,ZHAO Y Y,et al. Microstructure and properties of high-strength and high-conductivity Cu-2.5Fe-0.2Si-0.3Mg-0.3Cr-0.1Zr-0.2Y alloy[J]. Intermetallics,2024,173:108390. 李小军,项燕龙,向朝建,等. 铜铁合金的制备方法及相结构调控研究进展[J]. 有色冶金设计与研究,2024,45(8):1-12. WANG M,YANG Q R,JIANG Y B,et al. Effects of Fe content on microstructure and properties of Cu-Fe alloy[J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2021,31(10):3039-3049. 姜业欣,娄花芬,解浩峰,等. 先进铜合金材料发展现状与展望[J]. 中国工程科学,2020,22(5):84-92. 李周,肖柱,姜雁斌,等. 高强导电铜合金的成分设计、相变与制备[J]. 中国有色金属学报,2019,29(9):2009-2049. 50-54]。
在制备工艺创新方面,中国兵器科学研究院王生等[ 王生,李周,尹志民,等. 钪锆微合金化焊丝焊接头的组织与性能[J]. 兵器材料科学与工程,2005,28(3):26-29. 55]、中南大学李周团队[ 马牧之,李周,肖柱,等. 晶界工程处理对超微合金化无氧铜的组织结构与耐热性的影响[J]. 中国有色金属学报,2022,32(2):386-395. 56]、大连交通大学杨莉团队[ FU Q Q,LI B,YANG L,et al. Influence of cold drawing on microstructure and properties of Cu-Te alloy prepared by vacuum downward continuous casting[J]. Materials Today Communications,2025,42:111359. 57]、中国科学院金属研究所宋鸿武等[ YANG B C,SONG H W,WANG S W,et al. Tension-compression mechanical behavior and corresponding microstructure evolution of cast A356-T6 aluminum alloy[J]. Materials Science and Engineering A,2021,821:141613. ZHANG M X,CHEN D Y,LIU H,et al. Research on hot deformation behavior of Cu-Ti alloy based on machine learning algorithms and microalloying[J]. Materials Today Communications,2024,39:108783. 苏泽琪,陈帅峰,邓偲瀛,等. 镧微合金化对Cu-2.2Ni-0.6Si合金连续挤压-冷轧-时效板带组织和性能的影响[J]. 中国稀土学报,2024,42(5):973-986. 58-60]、刘劲松等[ 陈大勇,张野,宋鸿武,等. 数字化技术在精密铜管材智能制造中的应用[J]. 铜业工程,2024(6):41-53. 61]、南昌航空大学郭伟等[ 郭伟,余琪,陈岩,等. 连续挤压与拉拔对Cu-2Ag-0.04La合金组织及性能的影响[J]. 机械工程材料,2023,47(7):7-13. 郭伟,陈岩,洪志远,等. 电磁搅拌频率对Cu-2Ag-0.04La合金组织及性能的影响[J]. 铜业工程,2022 (1):10-13. 郭伟,洪志远,陈岩,等. 电磁搅拌对Cu-2Ag合金凝固组织及性能的影响[J]. 特种铸造及有色合金,2022,42(1):73-77. 62-64]、重庆工商大学古兴兴等[ 李曦炜,古兴兴. 铜基集流体的改性及其提升金属锂负极电化学性能的研究进展[J]. 铜业工程,2025(1):35-46. 65]学者做了大量的研究工作。其中,中南大学李周团队研发出了具有创新性的“微合金化+连续铸造电磁搅拌”新工艺,如图5所示[ WANG Q R,LV W Q,ZHAO Y Y,et al. Microstructure and properties of high-strength and high-conductivity Cu-2.5Fe-0.2Si-0.3Mg-0.3Cr-0.1Zr-0.2Y alloy[J]. Intermetallics,2024,173:108390. 50, 马牧之,李周,肖柱,等. 晶界工程处理对超微合金化无氧铜的组织结构与耐热性的影响[J]. 中国有色金属学报,2022,32(2):386-395. 56]。该工艺通过精确控制稀土元素的添加量和添加方式,利用稀土元素独特的化学活性和物理特性,实现了对铜合金凝固过程中晶粒生长的有效调控,如图5(c)所示,高角度晶界(high angle grain boundaries,HAGBs)主要在退火过程中形成。随着变形过程中位错的不断增加,会发生由HAGBs向低角度晶界(low angle grain boundaries,LAGBs)的变化。同时,连续铸造电磁搅拌技术的应用,进一步增强了熔体的对流和传质过程,使得铸坯内部的温度场和溶质场更加均匀,从而成功制备出晶粒细小、成分均匀且组织致密的铜合金铸坯。这种优质铸坯在后续的加工过程中表现出良好的塑性变形能力和加工性能,为制备高性能的铜加工材料提供了坚实的基础。
Fig. 5 (a) Process route of Cu-Fe-Si-Mg-Y-Cr-Zr alloy;(b) BSE image,grain diameter distribution image and element mappings of aged copper alloy;(c) Mechanism diagram of dislocations[ WANG Q R,LV W Q,ZHAO Y Y,et al. Microstructure and properties of high-strength and high-conductivity Cu-2.5Fe-0.2Si-0.3Mg-0.3Cr-0.1Zr-0.2Y alloy[J]. Intermetallics,2024,173:108390. 50, 马牧之,李周,肖柱,等. 晶界工程处理对超微合金化无氧铜的组织结构与耐热性的影响[J]. 中国有色金属学报,2022,32(2):386-395. 56]
新能源汽车的高效运行对材料性能提出了严苛要求,其中,导电性能(如电导率等)[ KEYHANI-ASL A,PERERA N,LAHR J,et al. Innovative hybrid battery thermal management system incorporating copper foam porous fins and layers with phase change material and liquid cooling[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2025,268:125848. 67]、导热性能(如散热等)[ LIU J,ZHANG Z C,WU P P,et al. Thermal conductivity and mechanical performance of Cu microalloying as-cast ZK60 alloy[J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics,2025,332:130275. 68]、力学性能(如硬度、韧性等)[ ZHOU J, GUO S, DENG Z, et al. Microstructural features and mechanical properties of in situ remelting welding of TC4 titanium alloy and T2 copper welded joint by electron beam[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2024, 33: 6853-6866. 69]及耐蚀性能[如耐酸碱,羟基乙叉二膦酸(HEDP),3-巯基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(PropS-SH)][ YU M,GAO X,FENG K L,et al. Improving the interfacial bonding strength of a silane anticorrosion film on copper surfaces using small-molecule corrosion inhibitors[J]. Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,2025,705:135636. 70]尤为关键,如图6所示。这些性能相互关联、协同作用,共同保障车辆各系统的稳定与可靠。
图6 新能源材料关键性能需求:(a)导电性能;(b)导热性能;(c)力学性能;(d)耐蚀性能
Fig. 6 Key performance requirements of new energy materials:(a) Electrical conductivity properties[ KEYHANI-ASL A,PERERA N,LAHR J,et al. Innovative hybrid battery thermal management system incorporating copper foam porous fins and layers with phase change material and liquid cooling[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2025,268:125848. 67];(b) Thermal conductivity properties[ LIU J,ZHANG Z C,WU P P,et al. Thermal conductivity and mechanical performance of Cu microalloying as-cast ZK60 alloy[J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics,2025,332:130275. 68];(c) Mechanical properties[ ZHOU J, GUO S, DENG Z, et al. Microstructural features and mechanical properties of in situ remelting welding of TC4 titanium alloy and T2 copper welded joint by electron beam[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2024, 33: 6853-6866. 69];(d) Corrosion resistance properties[ YU M,GAO X,FENG K L,et al. Improving the interfacial bonding strength of a silane anticorrosion film on copper surfaces using small-molecule corrosion inhibitors[J]. Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,2025,705:135636. 70]
2.2.1 导电性能
在新能源汽车的电驱动系统与电池系统中,导电性能是核心要素之一。高导电性材料能够有效降低电流传输过程中的电阻损耗,提升电驱动系统的效率,减少能量浪费,进而增加车辆续航里程。以驱动电机为例,绕组材料的高导电性可使电能更高效地转化为机械能,降低电机运行时的发热程度,提高功率输出。在电池系统中,电极材料与集流体的良好导电性对电池充放电性能影响显著,能够实现快速充电与高倍率放电,满足用户便捷使用的需求。例如,采用高纯度铜作为电池负极集流体,相比传统材料,可显著降低电池内阻,提升充放电效率。研究表明,当铜材料的电导率提升10%时,电池的充放电速率可提高约8%,续航里程相应增加5%左右,这充分显示了优良导电性能对新能源汽车能效提升的关键作用[ KEYHANI-ASL A,PERERA N,LAHR J,et al. Innovative hybrid battery thermal management system incorporating copper foam porous fins and layers with phase change material and liquid cooling[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering,2025,268:125848. 67]。
2.2.2 导热性能
随着新能源汽车功率密度的不断攀升,散热问题愈发突出,导热性能良好的材料成为保障电池与电机稳定运行的关键。电池在充放电过程中会产生大量热量,若不能及时散发,将导致电池温度过高,加速电池老化,缩短使用寿命,甚至引发热失控等安全隐患。高效的导热材料可将电池内部产生的热量迅速传导至外部散热系统,维持电池在适宜的工作温度区间,确保电池性能的稳定性与安全性。同样,电机在运行时,尤其是在高负荷工况下,绕组、铁芯等部件会发热,良好的导热性能有助于热量散发,避免电机因过热而损坏,保证电机的可靠性与耐久性[ LIU J,ZHANG Z C,WU P P,et al. Thermal conductivity and mechanical performance of Cu microalloying as-cast ZK60 alloy[J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics,2025,332:130275. 68]。如采用石墨散热片结合铜制散热器的热管理方案,能够将电池模组的温度控制在理想范围内,有效延长电池寿命30%以上,凸显了导热性能在新能源汽车热管理中的重要地位。
2.2.3 力学性能
力学性能包括强度、硬度、韧性等多个方面,对新能源汽车部件在复杂工况下的可靠运行至关重要。在电驱动系统中,电机的高速旋转、频繁启停以及车辆行驶过程中的振动冲击,要求电机绕组、铁芯等部件具备足够的强度与韧性,以防止变形、断裂等失效情况发生[ ZHOU J, GUO S, DENG Z, et al. Microstructural features and mechanical properties of in situ remelting welding of TC4 titanium alloy and T2 copper welded joint by electron beam[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2024, 33: 6853-6866. 69]。例如,高强度的铜合金绕组能够承受电机启动时的大电流冲击与高速旋转产生的离心力,确保电机稳定运行。在电池系统中,电池箱体作为电池模组的防护外壳,需具备较高的强度与刚性,抵御碰撞、挤压等外力作用,保护电池内部组件安全;同时,良好的韧性可避免箱体在冲击下发生脆性断裂。此外,连接部件如螺栓、焊点等的力学性能直接关系到整个系统的结构完整性,高强度、高韧性的连接材料能够确保各部件紧密连接,可靠传递力与电信号,为新能源汽车的安全行驶提供坚实保障。
2.2.4 耐蚀性能
新能源汽车在运行过程中面临诸多复杂环境,如潮湿、盐雾、酸碱等,这对材料的耐蚀性能提出了考验。电池系统中的电解液具有一定腐蚀性,如果电极材料、集流体以及电池箱体等耐蚀性不足,会逐渐被腐蚀,导致电池内阻增大、容量衰减,甚至短路失效,严重影响电池寿命与安全性[ YU M,GAO X,FENG K L,et al. Improving the interfacial bonding strength of a silane anticorrosion film on copper surfaces using small-molecule corrosion inhibitors[J]. Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,2025,705:135636. 70]。电驱动系统中的电机部件,在湿度较大或接触腐蚀性介质时,若缺乏良好的耐蚀保护,绕组绝缘层会被腐蚀破坏,引发漏电、短路等故障,危及车辆运行安全。车身框架、底盘等结构部件同样面临腐蚀风险,耐蚀性能不佳将降低车身强度,影响车辆整体可靠性。以沿海地区高湿度与盐雾环境使用的新能源汽车为例,若采用普通钢材制作电池箱体,一年内箱体腐蚀厚度可达0.5~1 mm,严重削弱箱体防护性能;而选用耐蚀铝合金或表面处理后的高性能铜合金,可显著降低腐蚀速率,确保电池系统在车辆全生命周期内稳定可靠运行,这充分体现了耐蚀性能对新能源汽车适应复杂工况、保障长期可靠使用的关键意义。
多元合金化作为一种关键的材料改性策略,通过引入特定合金元素,精准调控铜合金的微观组织结构与化学成分,赋予其良好的综合性能。以广泛应用于新能源汽车电机绕组的Cu-Ni-Si合金[ QIN Z Y,ZHAO H L,ZHANG S Y,et al. Design of high performance Cu-Ni-Si alloys via a multiobjective strategy based on machine learning[J]. Materials Today Communications,2024,39:108833. LIU F,LI J,PENG L J,et al. Simultaneously enhanced hardness and electrical conductivity in a Cu-Ni-Si alloy by addition of cobalt[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2021,862:158667. 71-72]为例,Ni元素的熔入显著优化了合金的高温力学性能,如图7所示。在电机高速运转产生大量热量的工况下,Ni原子扩散至铜晶格间隙,形成固溶体,有效阻碍位错运动,强化了合金基体,使其高温强度提升约20%~30%。硅(Si)元素则在合金凝固过程中析出细小弥散的硅化物,如Ni2Si等第二相质点,这些质点作为位错运动的强阻碍,进一步提升合金强度,同时,Si的加入还改善了合金的耐热性能,使其在200~300 ℃高温区间仍能保持良好的力学稳定性,确保电机绕组在长时间高温运行下不发生软化变形,保障电机的高效可靠运行。
Fig. 7 (a) Strategies for designing copper alloy by combining machine learning and multi-objective optimization[ QIN Z Y,ZHAO H L,ZHANG S Y,et al. Design of high performance Cu-Ni-Si alloys via a multiobjective strategy based on machine learning[J]. Materials Today Communications,2024,39:108833. 71];(b) 3D maps of solute atoms and concentration profiles of aged Cu-Ni-Si alloy[ LIU F,LI J,PENG L J,et al. Simultaneously enhanced hardness and electrical conductivity in a Cu-Ni-Si alloy by addition of cobalt[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2021,862:158667. 72];(c) Aging curves of hardness of Cu-Ni-Si alloy for different times[ LIU F,LI J,PENG L J,et al. Simultaneously enhanced hardness and electrical conductivity in a Cu-Ni-Si alloy by addition of cobalt[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2021,862:158667. 72]
Cu-Cr-Zr合金[ SHEN Z,LIN Z Z,SHI P J,et al. Enhanced electrical,mechanical and tribological properties of Cu-Cr-Zr alloys by continuous extrusion forming and subsequent aging treatment[J]. Journal of Materials Science and Technology,2022,110:187-197. WANG Y P, FU R D, LI Y J, et al. A high strength and high electrical conductivity Cu-Cr-Zr alloy fabricated by cryogenic friction stir processing and subsequent annealing treatment[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2019, 755: 166-169. KHARABATI S,SAEDODIN S. A systematic review of thermal management techniques for electric vehicle batteries[J]. Journal of Energy Storage,2024,75:109586. 73-75]在新能源汽车的连接部件中表现出色,如图8所示。铬(Cr)元素具有较高的熔点和硬度,在合金中形成Cr2O3等稳定氧化物,弥散分布于铜基体中,不仅细化了晶粒,还增强了合金的耐磨性,使连接部件在频繁插拔、振动摩擦的使用环境下,磨损率降低30%~40%。锆(Zr)元素与铜形成的细小ZrCu2金属间化合物,会在晶界处偏聚,钉扎晶界,抑制晶粒长大,从而提高合金的再结晶温度,保证了合金在加工及使用过程中的组织稳定性。采用低温搅拌摩擦加工(cryogenic friction stir processing,CFSP)不仅能提升基体(base metal,BM)硬度,还能提高连接部件的力学性能与可靠性,确保电气连接的稳定性,降低接触电阻,减少能量损耗[ KHARABATI S,SAEDODIN S. A systematic review of thermal management techniques for electric vehicle batteries[J]. Journal of Energy Storage,2024,75:109586. 75]。
Fig. 8 (a) Experimental device and the cross-sectional microstructure of Cu-Cr-Zr alloy under different conditions[ SHEN Z,LIN Z Z,SHI P J,et al. Enhanced electrical,mechanical and tribological properties of Cu-Cr-Zr alloys by continuous extrusion forming and subsequent aging treatment[J]. Journal of Materials Science and Technology,2022,110:187-197. 73];(b) Microhardness and electrical conductivity of Cu-Cr-Zr alloy treated with different annealing temperatures for 30 min[ WANG Y P, FU R D, LI Y J, et al. A high strength and high electrical conductivity Cu-Cr-Zr alloy fabricated by cryogenic friction stir processing and subsequent annealing treatment[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2019, 755: 166-169. 74];(c) Wear resistance of Cu-Cr-Zr alloy[ SHEN Z,LIN Z Z,SHI P J,et al. Enhanced electrical,mechanical and tribological properties of Cu-Cr-Zr alloys by continuous extrusion forming and subsequent aging treatment[J]. Journal of Materials Science and Technology,2022,110:187-197. 73]
热处理工艺可进一步优化微观组织。以时效处理为例,对于Cu-Be合金[ KHARABATI S,SAEDODIN S. A systematic review of thermal management techniques for electric vehicle batteries[J]. Journal of Energy Storage,2024,75:109586. DAS K,KUMAR R. Electric vehicle battery capacity degradation and health estimation using machine-learning techniques:a review[J]. Clean Energy,2023,7(6):1268-1281. THAWKAR V,DHOBLE A S. A review of thermal management methods for electric vehicle batteries based on heat pipes and PCM[J]. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering,2023,45(2):90. 75-77],在适当温度下时效处理,过饱和固溶体中的Be原子脱溶析出,形成了细小弥散的γ′-CuBe相。这些第二相粒子均匀分布在铜基体中,能与位错产生强烈交互作用,阻碍位错运动,大幅提高合金的强度与硬度,时效处理后的Cu-Be合金硬度可提升30%~50%。同时,由于第二相粒子的钉扎作用,抑制了晶粒长大,保持了良好的微观组织稳定性,满足了新能源汽车对高精度、高强度弹性部件的需求,如电控系统中的精密弹簧、连接器触片等部件在复杂工况下可确保稳定可靠工作。
Zhang等[ ZHANG B W,WANG J Y,MENG Y H,et al. Double-peak age strengthening phenomenon and mechanism of Cu-Be-Ni-Co alloys[J]. Materials and Design,2024,238:112666. 78]系统地研究了Cu-Be-Ni-Co合金的性能、析出相微观结构和强化机制,确定了Cu-Be-Ni-Co合金的析出相演变过程为:Guinier–Preston区→γ″→γ′。图9揭示了Cu-Be-Ni-Co合金中非常规的双峰时效强化现象。其中,Cu-0.2Be-1.0Ni-0.2Co合金的显微硬度和电导率分别为261HV和61%IACS,在Cu-Be-Ni-Co合金中表现出最佳的综合性能。
Fig. 9 Microstructure of aged Cu-0.2Be-1.0Co-0.2Ni alloy at 450 ℃ for 420 min:(a) HAADF image and the corresponding SAED pattern;(b) DF of γ′ phase;(c) DF of α(Co) phase;(d) Schematic representation of SAED pattern[ ZHANG B W,WANG J Y,MENG Y H,et al. Double-peak age strengthening phenomenon and mechanism of Cu-Be-Ni-Co alloys[J]. Materials and Design,2024,238:112666. 78]
Guo等[ GUO D J,PAN T S,LI W C,et al. Operando measurement of spatial temperature distribution in lithium-ion batteries with intelligent current collectors[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2025,631:236259. 80]通过加入智能集电器(intelligent current collector,ICC)的软包电池评估其对电池内部温度的原位监测能力,揭示了电池厚度方向的非均匀温度分布,如图10所示。从图10(a)中可以看出:在充电的恒流(constant current,CC)阶段,内部温度逐渐升高;而在随后的恒压(constant voltage,CV)阶段,内部温度则随之下降。ICC捕获充放电倍率对内部温度的影响见图10(b)。当电池以1C至2C倍率循环时,各周期温度变化趋势相似,但温度波动幅度与充放电倍率呈正相关。通过1C倍率下100次充放电循环的原位监测,验证了 ICC 长期温度监测的可行性。尽管电池与外部环境的热交换导致幅度波动,但图10(c)所示第1次与第100次循环的内部温度变化均与图10(b)结果一致。图10(d)进一步展示了100次循环中内部温度的演变规律,各周期温度变化模式高度一致,证实了ICC在电池中的可靠性[ GUO D J,PAN T S,LI W C,et al. Operando measurement of spatial temperature distribution in lithium-ion batteries with intelligent current collectors[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2025,631:236259. 80]。
Fig. 10 Temperature sensing characteristics of ICC:(a) Voltage,current and temperature of the battery at the rate of 2C;(b) Temperature variation corresponding to the discharge-charge processes at the rates of 1C,1.5C and 2C;(c) Comparison of the temperature variation between the 1st cycle and 100th cycle at the rate of 1C;(d) Temperature variation of the battery with ICCs during 100 cycles at rate of 1C[ GUO D J,PAN T S,LI W C,et al. Operando measurement of spatial temperature distribution in lithium-ion batteries with intelligent current collectors[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2025,631:236259. 80]
电池管理系统作为新能源汽车电池的“智能守护者”,实时监控电池的电压、电流、温度、SOC等关键参数,并进行精准的控制与管理,以确保电池的安全、高效运行。在BMS中,众多的传感器、电路板、连接器等部件广泛采用高性能铜加工材料。传感器中的电极材料通常选用具有高灵敏度与稳定性的铜合金,如Cu-Zn合金[ KWON M, LEE J, KO S, et al. Stimulating Cu–Zn alloying for compact Zn metal growth towards high energy aqueous batteries and hybrid supercapacitors[J]. Energy and Environmental Science, 2022, 15(7): 2889-2899. HAO X H,LIANG G X,HUANG Y G,et al. Effect of addition on microstructures and mechanical properties of cBN/Cu-Zn-Ti composites via the pulse electric current sintering[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2025,1010:177455. ZUO K S, XI S Q, ZHOU J E. Effect of temperature on mechanical alloying of Cu-Zn and Cu-Cr system[J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2009, 19(5): 1206-1214. PABI S K, MURTY B S. Mechanism of mechanical alloying in Ni-Al and CuZn systems[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 1996, 214(1/2): 146-152. 37-40],能够快速、准确地感知电池的各项参数变化,为BMS的精确控制提供可靠依据。电路板作为信号传输与数据处理的核心载体,采用高导电率的覆铜板制作,其铜箔层可在保障电信号高速传输的同时,通过精细的线路设计,实现对电池各单元的精确控制与均衡管理,避免电池过充、过放以及过热等问题,延长电池使用寿命。
以永磁同步电机为例,当电流通入定子绕组时,会在电机内部产生旋转磁场,该磁场与转子上的永磁体相互作用,驱动转子转动,从而实现电能向机械能的转换。在此过程中,绕组的导电性能至关重要。高导电性的铜材料能够确保电流顺畅通过,减少焦耳热损耗,提高电能转换效率。相较于其他常见金属材料(如铝),铜的电导率更高,在相同的电流传输条件下,电阻损耗可降低30%~40%。这意味着电机在运行时能够以更低的能耗输出更大的功率,显著提升车辆的动力性能与续航里程。同时,电机在运行过程中,尤其是在频繁启停、高速运转以及过载工况下,绕组会承受较大的电磁力、离心力和热应力。高性能铜合金,如Cu-Ni-Si合金[ QIN Z Y,ZHAO H L,ZHANG S Y,et al. Design of high performance Cu-Ni-Si alloys via a multiobjective strategy based on machine learning[J]. Materials Today Communications,2024,39:108833. LIU F,LI J,PENG L J,et al. Simultaneously enhanced hardness and electrical conductivity in a Cu-Ni-Si alloy by addition of cobalt[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2021,862:158667. 71-72],通过合金化强化机制,在铜基体中引入Ni,Si等元素,形成弥散分布的第二相质点,有效阻碍位错运动,提高材料的强度与硬度,使其能够承受复杂的力学载荷,确保绕组在恶劣工况下不发生变形、断裂等失效现象,保障电机的稳定运行。特斯拉Model3驱动电机采用8层Hair-pin扁铜线绕组,峰值效率达97%,铜线用量12 kg/台,较圆线电机减少20%。
换向器作为电机电流换向的关键部件,多采用铜合金制造,常见的如Cu-Cr-Zr合金[ SHEN Z,LIN Z Z,SHI P J,et al. Enhanced electrical,mechanical and tribological properties of Cu-Cr-Zr alloys by continuous extrusion forming and subsequent aging treatment[J]. Journal of Materials Science and Technology,2022,110:187-197. WANG Y P, FU R D, LI Y J, et al. A high strength and high electrical conductivity Cu-Cr-Zr alloy fabricated by cryogenic friction stir processing and subsequent annealing treatment[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2019, 755: 166-169. 73-74]。在电机高速旋转过程中,换向器需频繁切换电流方向,承受电刷的频繁摩擦与电流冲击。Cu-Cr-Zr合金中的Cr元素能够形成稳定的氧化物,弥散分布于铜基体中,提高材料的硬度与耐磨性;Zr元素则能通过细化晶粒、钉扎晶界,进一步增强合金的力学性能与抗热疲劳性能。这使得换向器在复杂工况下能够保持良好的表面平整度与导电性,确保电流换向的精准性与稳定性,为电机的可靠运行提供有力支持。博世永磁同步电机的纳米晶铜换向器采用等通道转角挤压技术制备。表面粗糙度Ra≤0.03 μm,使电刷接触电阻降低至8 μΩ·cm2。在-30 ℃冷启动测试中,换向器温升从85 K降至48 K,电机峰值扭矩输出响应时间缩短至0.2 s。
功率模块作为电控系统实现电能转换与调控的核心单元,承担着将电池直流电转换为驱动电机所需交流电,并精确控制电机功率输出的重任。在功率模块中,IGBT[ XIANG L,WANG L,WANG Z W,et al. Decoupling study on IGBT stress performance based on thermal-mechanical-electromagnetic multiphysics analysis[J]. International Journal of Thermal Sciences,2025,213:109793. 李洋,周淑霞,张腾,等. 基于FLUENT的功率控制器IGBT模块散热设计及仿真分析[J]. 热科学与技术,2023,22(6):615-622. 81-82]等功率器件工作时产生大量热量,需承载高电流密度,如图11所示。铜基散热基板依托铜的高导热性,能够迅速将功率器件产生的热量传导出去,降低器件工作温度,提升其可靠性与使用寿命。实验表明,采用铜基散热基板可使IGBT模块的结温降低20~30 ℃,有效避免因过热导致器件性能劣化与失效。同时,连接功率器件的键合线多选用高纯度铜丝,其高导电性确保了大电流的稳定传输,可降低线路电阻损耗,提高电能转换效率。此外,功率模块的外壳通常也采用铜合金制造。 一方面利用其良好的电磁屏蔽性能,防止内部电磁干扰对外围电子设备造成影响;另一方面,铜合金的高强度与耐蚀性保障了外壳在复杂环境下的结构完整性,为功率模块乃至整个电控系统的稳定运行提供了保障。英飞凌HybridPACK Drive模块采用铜烧结技术,功率循环能力提升至5×104次,较传统焊料模块提升5倍。
图11 单热域的热特性
Fig. 11 Thermal characteristics of single thermal domain[ XIANG L,WANG L,WANG Z W,et al. Decoupling study on IGBT stress performance based on thermal-mechanical-electromagnetic multiphysics analysis[J]. International Journal of Thermal Sciences,2025,213:109793. 81]
先进加工技术融合致力于将前沿制造技术与传统铜加工工艺深度整合,全方位提升铜材料加工精度、效率与定制化水平。3D打印技术[ 肖叶龙,熊科兴,陈旭军,等. 3D打印铜及铜合金的研究与应用现状[J]. 粉末冶金工业,2025,35(1):1-14. 83]作为增材制造的典型代表,为复杂结构铜部件的快速成型开辟了新路径。在新能源汽车热管理系统中,采用选择性激光熔化(selective laser melting,SLM)[ LIU H L,PANG J F,WANG J X,et al. New heat source model for accurate estimation of laser energy absorption near free surface in selective laser melting[J]. Extreme Mechanics Letters,2022,56:101894. WANG C B,GUO W H,JI Q Y,et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of FeCoNiCrTix high entropy alloys by selective laser melting[J]. Intermetallics,2025,180:108683. 84-85]技术,可根据散热需求定制具有复杂内部流道结构的铜散热器,精准调控冷却液流动路径,增强散热效率。相较于传统铸造与机械加工结合的方式,3D打印不仅能缩短研发周期30%~40%,还能实现结构优化设计,使散热器的散热性能提升20%~30%,满足新能源汽车高功率密度下的散热需求。新能源汽车功率器件(如IGBT)的散热需求推动了铜基材料热管理技术创新,热管理技术问题的核心和挑战如表4所示。
表4 铜基材料的热管理问题核心挑战
Table 4 Main challenges in thermal management of copper based materials
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