20250226001 聚合物负载非均相芬顿氧化催化剂在水处理中的应用研究

聚合物负载非均相芬顿氧化催化剂在水处理中的应用研究

基金项目

江西省重大科技研发专项项目(20232ACE01010)资助

中图分类号:

X703

文献标识码:

A

作者简介

戴震(1994—),男,江西上饶人,博士,工程师,研究方向:环境监测与水处理,E-mail:frienddyy@126.com

通信作者

韦克钢,工程师,E-mail:isa_giles@163.com

流转信息

收稿日期 : 2025-02-26

修订日期 : 2025-06-24

引文格式

戴震,付诗瑗,怀杨杨,韦克钢. 聚合物负载非均相芬顿氧化催化剂在水处理中的应用研究[J]. 铜业工程,2025(6):45-61.

Polymer Hydrogels as Heterogeneous Fenton Oxidation Catalysts for Water Treatment

Citations

DAI Zhen,FU Shiyuan ,HUAI Yangyang,WEI Kegang. Polymer hydrogels as heterogeneous Fenton oxidation catalysts for water treatment[J]. Copper Engineering,2025(6):45-61.

铜业工程    第6期    45-61
doi10.3969/j.issn.1009-3842.2025.06.006
材料制备与加工工程(Material Preparation and Process Engineering)

聚合物负载非均相芬顿氧化催化剂在水处理中的应用研究

  • 戴震
  • 付诗瑗
  • 怀杨杨
  • 韦克钢
江西铜业技术研究院有限公司江西 南昌 330500

作者简介

戴震(1994—),男,江西上饶人,博士,工程师,研究方向:环境监测与水处理,E-mail:frienddyy@126.com

通信作者

韦克钢,工程师,E-mail:isa_giles@163.com

基金项目

江西省重大科技研发专项项目(20232ACE01010)资助

中图分类号:

X703

文献标识码:

A

流转信息

收稿日期 : 2025-02-26     修订日期 : 2025-06-24     

引文格式

戴震,付诗瑗,怀杨杨,韦克钢. 聚合物负载非均相芬顿氧化催化剂在水处理中的应用研究[J]. 铜业工程,2025(6):45-61.

摘要

芬顿氧化是废水处理领域的核心技术之一,能够去除COD、悬浮物、重金属等污染物。然而,由于氢氧化铁的溶解积较低(2.8×10−39),作为传统芬顿氧化催化剂的铁盐在pH>3.0时极易形成沉淀,不仅会产生大量含铁底泥,还会影响双氧水反应效果。若将废水pH值调整为2.5~3.0来提高芬顿氧化效率,则需增加后端碱性物质用量,以使外排水pH值满足要求,这不仅会增加成本,还会增加管理难度和安全风险。本研究聚焦聚合物水凝胶材料作为新型芬顿催化剂的潜力,探讨其在环境修复中的进展与挑战,阐述了非均相芬顿法在废水处理中的重要性,深入分析了以氧化铁、铜络合物/纳米粒子及钌等作为关键成分的聚合物负载非均相芬顿催化剂的研究现状,系统介绍了高密度金属掺杂的创新合成方法,全面考察了催化剂用量、污染物浓度及pH值等操作参数对工艺效率的影响。在论述非均相芬顿氧化催化剂研究领域最新进展的过程中,突出了新型芬顿氧化催化剂设计和实际应用方面的重要成果,并就新型芬顿氧化催化剂的稳定性和可重复使用性提出了关键建议,可为该类催化剂未来的发展提供参考。

关键词

芬顿氧化;聚合物;催化剂;环境修复;非均相芬顿;

Polymer Hydrogels as Heterogeneous Fenton Oxidation Catalysts for Water Treatment

  • DAI Zhen
  • FU Shiyuan
  • HUAI Yangyang
  • WEI Kegang
Jiangxi Copper Technology Institute Co.,Ltd.Nanchang 330500China

Citations

DAI Zhen,FU Shiyuan ,HUAI Yangyang,WEI Kegang. Polymer hydrogels as heterogeneous Fenton oxidation catalysts for water treatment[J]. Copper Engineering,2025(6):45-61.

Abstract

Fenton oxidation represents a pivotal technology in the domain of water treatment, demonstrating efficacy in the removal of pollutants such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids, and heavy metals. However, the low solubility product constant of iron hydroxide (2.8×10−39) at pH levels exceeding 3.0 hinders dissolution of iron ions utilised as conventional Fenton oxidation catalysts. This phenomenon results in the formation of iron-rich sediment, thereby diminishing the efficacy of the hydrogen peroxide reaction. To enhance Fenton oxidation efficiency, the pH of the wastewater may need to be adjusted to 2.5~3.0, necessitating the use of additional alkaline substances in the subsequent stages to meet the pH requirements for external drainage. Therefore, this approach is associated with high costs, management difficulties and safety challenges. The present review focused on the potential application of polymer hydrogels as novel Fenton catalysts, and discussed the progress and challenges in environmental remediation. The heterogeneous Fenton method and its significance in wastewater treatment were systematically introduced. The article provided a detailed analysis of research on polymer-supported heterogeneous Fenton catalysts, including key components such as iron oxide, copper complexes/nanoparticles, and ruthenium. The synthesis methods for high-density metal doping were examined in detail, and the effects of operational parameters, such as catalyst dosage, pollutant concentration, and pH value on process efficiency were thoroughly examined. By highlighting the latest advancements in heterogeneous Fenton oxidation catalysts, the article underscored significant achievements in the design and practical application of new Fenton oxidation catalysts. The article also offered key recommendations for improving the stability and reusability of these catalysts, providing a roadmap for future development in this area.

Keywords

Fenton oxidation;polymer;catalyst;environmental remediation;heterogeneous Fenton;



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1-9
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10-15

水处理工艺按照处理方式可以分为化学、物理和生物技术三大类  AKSU Z. Application of biosorption for the removal of organic pollutants:a review[J]. Process Biochemistry,2005,40(3/4):997-1026.
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16-17
。在化学法水处理工艺中,高级氧化过程(advanced oxidation processes,AOPs)处理作为一种高效的水处理技术,对COD(Chemical oxygen demand)高含量、难降解有机物高浓度的水体有良好的效果  HANAFI M F,SAPAWE N. A review on the current techniques and technologies of organic pollutants removal from water/wastewater[J]. Materials Today:Proceedings,2020,31:A158-A165.
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18-20
。AOPs通过原位生成具有强氧化能力的基团,如羟基自由基(·OH)、超氧基(O2·)等,能够将复杂的有机物逐步氧化分解为较小的分子,最终矿化为无害的二氧化碳和水  WANG N N,ZHENG T,ZHANG G S,et al. A review on Fenton-like processes for organic wastewater treatment[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering,2016,4(1):762-787.
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21-23
。在众多AOPs技术中,基于芬顿氧化反应(Fenton oxidation reaction)的方法表现出卓越的净化效果,Fe2+作为催化剂与过氧化氢(H2O2)发生反应,持续生成·OH以实现高效的氧化降解。芬顿氧化机制的整个过程如式(1~3)所示:

Fe2++H2O2→Fe3++OH+·OH
式(1)

Fe3++H2O2→Fe2++HO2·+H+
式(2)

有机物+·OH→降解产物
式(3)

芬顿氧化法可在常温常压下高效氧化有机化合物,已被广泛应用于处理多种类型的废水,如橄榄压榨废水  RIVAS F J,BELTRÁN F J,GIMENO O,et al. Treatment of olive oil mill wastewater by Fenton's reagent[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2001,49(4):1873-1880.
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28
、染料废水  KUŠIĆ H,LONČARIĆ BOŽIĆ A,KOPRIVANAC N. Fenton type processes for minimization of organic content in coloured wastewaters:Part I:Processes optimization[J]. Dyes and Pigments,2007,74(2):380-387.
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31-32
、软木蒸煮废水  PINTOR A M A,VILAR V J P,BOAVENTURA R A R. Decontamination of cork wastewaters by solar-photo-Fenton process using cork bleaching wastewater as H2O2 source[J]. Solar Energy,2011,85(3):579-587.
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、纸浆厂废液  CATALKAYA E C,KARGI F. Color,TOC and AOX removals from pulp mill effluent by advanced oxidation processes:a comparative study[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2007,139(2):244-253.
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及氯代酚  LOPEZ A,MASCOLO G,DETOMASO A,et al. Temperature activated degradation (mineralization) of 4-chloro-3-methyl phenol by Fenton's reagent[J]. Chemosphere,2005,59(3):397-403.
35
等,但在实际应用中,该方法仍存在一些局限性。例如,芬顿氧化反应过程中Fe3+还原为Fe2+的动力学较慢,导致Fe2+的回收利用面临挑战  WANG S B. A Comparative study of Fenton and Fenton-like reaction kinetics in decolourisation of wastewater[J]. Dyes and Pigments,2008,76(3):714-720.
36
。此外,由于氢氧化铁具有很低的溶解积(2.8×10−39),导致芬顿氧化对pH环境极为敏感,需保持酸性条件(pH=2~3)以防止Fe3+沉淀,这增加了在应用场景中的操作难度。其次,如果芬顿氧化环境pH>3,会导致铁沉淀增加,形成大量含铁污泥,给反应底渣的输送和处理带来巨大压力。最后,由于污水综合排放标准(GB 8978—1996)中外排水质指标pH值一般要求在6~9之间,故需向芬顿氧化后的余液中投加大量碱性物质(如石灰、液碱、碳酸钠等),造成化学药剂的大量消耗,从而限制该技术的应用  YUAN S H,GOU N,ALSHAWABKEH A N,et al. Efficient degradation of contaminants of emerging concerns by a new electro-Fenton process with Ti/MMO cathode[J]. Chemosphere,2013,93(11):2796-2804.
37

为克服上述局限性,研究人员采用非均相催化剂来改进传统芬顿氧化过程。例如采用铁矿物(如Fe2O3  XIAO C,LI J,ZHANG G K. Synthesis of stable burger-like α-Fe2O3 catalysts:formation mechanism and excellent photo-Fenton catalytic performance[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2018,180:550-559.
38
,Fe3O4  XU L J,WANG J L. Fenton-like degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol using Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles[J]. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2012,123:117-126.
39
,FeOOH  LI X Y,HUANG Y,LI C,et al. Degradation of pCNB by Fenton like process using α-FeOOH[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2015,260:28-36.
40
,黄铁矿  BAE S,KIM D,LEE W. Degradation of diclofenac by pyrite catalyzed Fenton oxidation[J]. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2013,134:93-102.
41
)、零价铁(zero-valent iron,ZVI)  SEGURA Y,MARTÍNEZ F,MELERO J A,et al. Zero valent iron (ZVI) mediated Fenton degradation of industrial wastewater:Treatment performance and characterization of final composites[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2015,269:298-305.
42
或多金属化合物(如层状双氢氧化物)  YANG Z Z,ZHANG C,ZENG G M,et al. Design and engineering of layered double hydroxide based catalysts for water depollution by advanced oxidation processes:a review[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2020,8(8):4141-4173.
43
作为替代催化剂,或将具有催化活性的多金属化合物固定在如沸石  RACHE M L,GARCÍA A R,ZEA H R,et al. Azo-dye orange II degradation by the heterogeneous Fenton-like process using a zeolite Y-Fe catalyst: kinetics with a model based on the Fermi's equation[J]. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2014,146:192-200.
44
、碳材料  CLEVELAND V,BINGHAM J P,KAN E. Heterogeneous Fenton degradation of bisphenol A by carbon nanotube-supported Fe3O4[J]. Separation and Purification Technology,2014,133:388-395.
45
、聚合物  GAO W Q,TIAN J,FANG Y S,et al. Visible-light-driven photo-Fenton degradation of organic pollutants by a novel porphyrin-based porous organic polymer at neutral pH[J]. Chemosphere,2020,243:125334.
46
等固体基质上,制备成物理、化学特征稳定的催化剂。与传统铁盐相比,用于芬顿氧化的非均相催化剂不仅能在较宽pH值范围(1.5~5.5)内保持高效活性,还具备较低的铁浸出量  BAI Z Y,YANG Q,WANG J L. Degradation of sulfamethazine antibiotics in Fenton-like system using Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles as catalyst[J]. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy,2017,36(6):1743-1753.
47
。此外,优秀的非均相催化剂能以悬浮状态存在于液相当中,通过表面活性位点分解H2O2,避免形成大块沉淀,来提升铁元素的反应效率。

近年来,多种高效非均相催化剂被陆续开发出来。这些催化剂主要分为两类:独立型催化剂(包括零价铁、金属矿物、氧化铁/氢氧化物和多金属催化剂)和活性成分固定在黏土、沸石、聚合物等基材上的催化剂。其中,利用聚合物作为载体的非均相芬顿氧化催化剂因强度高、密度低、比表面积大等优点而展现出巨大应用潜力。

本文旨在系统性介绍作为类芬顿氧化催化剂的负载铁、铜和钌等活性催化位点的新型聚合物及其合成策略,并通过比较各种催化剂的作用效果,深入探讨影响芬顿氧化反应的关键因素,分析其未来的应用前景。

1     聚合物负载非均相芬顿氧化催化剂

聚合物负载的非均相芬顿氧化催化剂在废水处理领域展现出较大的应用潜力,尤其以氧化铁或铜为活性成分的聚合物材料,因其能有效促进溶液中类芬顿氧化反应,突破了传统芬顿氧化工艺的反应环境限制,近年来受到了广泛关注。根据材料来源的不同,聚合物可分为合成聚合物、半合成聚合物和生物聚合物三类,其中合成聚合物和生物聚合物载体的催化剂应用最为广泛。

聚合物载体应具备高表面积、一定化学惰性以及表面功能性,这些特性对于调节催化位点的活性至关重要  LAMA G,MEIJIDE J,SANROMÁN A,et al. Heterogeneous advanced oxidation processes:current approaches for wastewater treatment[J]. Catalysts,2022,12(3):344.
48
。理想的聚合物材料能够将非均相芬顿氧化活性物质固定在其表面,保护催化剂中的金属离子,避免其过度浸出,从而增强抗腐蚀性和稳定性。例如:逐层组装方法可以将催化剂均匀涂覆在聚合物表面,确保其分布均匀  SOLER M A G. Layer-by-layer assembled iron oxide based polymeric nanocomposites[J]. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,2018,467:37-48.
49
;交联技术则通过使用交联剂(如戊二醛  MEHDAOUI R,AGREN S,EL HASKOURI J,et al. An optimized sono-heterogeneous Fenton degradation of olive-oil mill wastewater organic matter by new magnetic glutarlaldehyde-crosslinked developed cellulose[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2023,30(8):20450-20468.
50
、丙烯酸酯  CHEN S J,MA G C,DUAN X J,et al. Poly(acrylic acid–butyl acrylate)-Based physical hydrogel for adsorption and microwave-assisted Fenton degradation of cationic dye[J]. ACS Applied Polymer Materials,2023,5(8):6390-6398.
51
和聚乙二醇  MORSHED M N,BOUAZIZI N,BEHARY N,et al. Stabilization of zero valent iron (Fe0) on plasma/dendrimer functionalized polyester fabrics for Fenton-like removal of hazardous water pollutants[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2019,374:658-673.
52
)将催化剂与聚合物材料牢固结合,确保催化剂稳定锚定在基质中  GAO M F,ZHANG D D,LI W Y,et al. Degradation of methylene blue in a heterogeneous Fenton reaction catalyzed by chitosan crosslinked ferrous complex[J]. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers,2016,67:355-361.
53
;在聚合物合成过程中直接掺入铁或氧化铁的方法,不仅能实现催化剂的均匀分布,还能提高催化活性  ROMANAZZI G,MASTRORILLI P,LATRONICO M,et al. Catalytic activities of heterogeneous catalysts obtained by copolymerization of metal-containing 2-(acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate[J]. Open Chemistry,2018,16(1):520-534.
54
;微胶囊化技术可将催化剂包封在聚合物胶囊内,不仅使其免受外界环境的影响,还能显著提高催化剂的稳定性和可回收性  QIN L,RU R,MAO J W,et al. Assembly of MOFs/polymer hydrogel derived Fe3O4-CuO@hollow carbon spheres for photochemical oxidation:freezing replacement for structural adjustment[J]. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2020,269:118754.
55
;静电纺丝技术能够在聚合物纤维中固定铁或氧化铁,提供稳定的载体结构,便于后续的回收和再利用  LI J L,CHEN X Y,XU D F,et al. Immobilization of horseradish peroxidase on electrospun magnetic nanofibers for phenol removal[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2019,170:716-721.
56

这些技术不仅保证了催化剂的有效回收和循环使用,还显著提升了类芬顿氧化反应的稳定性和效率。常用的合成聚合物载体包括聚乙烯醇(PVA)  GUO Z H,ZHANG D,WEI S Y,et al. Effects of iron oxide nanoparticles on polyvinyl alcohol:interfacial layer and bulk nanocomposites thin film[J]. Journal of Nanoparticle Research,2010,12(7):2415-2426.
57
、聚乙烯(PE)  MOSSMANN A,DOTTO G L,HOTZA D,et al. Preparation of polyethylene-supported zero-valent iron buoyant catalyst and its performance for Ponceau 4R decolorization by photo-Fenton process[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering,2019,7(2):102963.
58
和聚乙烯二氧噻吩(PEDOT)  SHIN S,YOON H,JANG J. Polymer-encapsulated iron oxide nanoparticles as highly efficient Fenton catalysts[J]. Catalysis Communications,2008,10(2):178-182.
59
,而生物聚合物则涵盖藻酸盐  QUADRADO R F N,FAJARDO A R. Fast decolorization of azo methyl orange via heterogeneous Fenton and Fenton-like reactions using alginate-Fe2+/Fe3+ films as catalysts[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers,2017,177:443-450.
60
、普鲁兰  CHENG S Y,ZHANG C,LI J J,et al. Highly efficient removal of antibiotic from biomedical wastewater using Fenton-like catalyst magnetic pullulan hydrogels[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers,2021,262:117951.
61
、壳聚糖  ZHONG H,DUAN L,YE P,et al. Synthesis of cobalt-nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon from chitosan and its performance for pollutant degradation as Fenton-like catalysts[J]. Research on Chemical Intermediates,2019,45(3):907-918.
62
、淀粉  KUNTAIL J,PAL S,SINHA I. Interfacial phenomena during Fenton reaction on starch stabilized magnetite nanoparticles:Molecular dynamics and experimental investigations[J]. Journal of Molecular Liquids,2020,318:114037.
63
和纤维素  WANG G H,XIANG J,LIN J Y,et al. Sustainable advanced Fenton-like catalysts based on mussel-inspired magnetic cellulose nanocomposites to effectively remove organic dyes and antibiotics[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2020,12(46):51952-51959.
64
等。生物聚合物因其生物相容性和环境友好特性,在选择非均相芬顿氧化催化剂载体时常被优先考虑。

1.1     铁基催化剂

铁基催化剂,尤其是氧化铁和含铁化合物,在高级氧化过程中对有机污染物的降解表现出显著的催化活性。铁作为地壳中最常见的元素之一  GUO H B,BARNARD A S. Naturally occurring iron oxide nanoparticles:morphology,surface chemistry and environmental stability[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2013,1(1):27-42.
65
,其氧化物在环境修复中得到了广泛应用,常见的形式包括:磁铁矿(Fe3O4)、赤铁矿(α-Fe2O3)、磁赤铁矿(λ-Fe2O3)和针铁矿(α-FeOOH)。其中,氧化铁纳米材料(FeO-NMs)因其亲水性强和比表面积大而备受关注  ZHU H Y,JIANG R,FU Y Q,et al. Novel multifunctional NiFe2O4/ZnO hybrids for dye removal by adsorption,photocatalysis and magnetic separation[J]. Applied Surface Science,2016,369:1-10.
 AHMAD N,SULTANA S,FAISAL S M,et al. Zinc oxide-decorated polypyrrole/chitosan bionanocomposites with enhanced photocatalytic,antibacterial and anticancer performance[J]. RSC Advances,2019,9(70):41135-41150.
 JIANG R,ZHU H Y,FU Y Q,et al. Colloidal CdS sensitized nano-ZnO/chitosan hydrogel with fast and efficient photocatalytic removal of Congo red under solar light irradiation[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,2021,174:52-60.
 ZHU H Y,JIANG R,HUANG S H,et al. Novel magnetic NiFe2O4/multi-walled carbon nanotubes hybrids:facile synthesis,characterization,and application to the treatment of dyeing wastewater[J]. Ceramics International,2015,41(9):11625-11631.
66-69
。氧化铁纳米材料虽然凭借其极小的尺寸和表面可修饰性展现出了独特优势  YU X G,MARKS T J,FACCHETTI A. Metal oxides for optoelectronic applications[J]. Nature Materials,2016,15(4):383-396.
 XU P,ZENG G M,HUANG D L,et al. Use of iron oxide nanomaterials in wastewater treatment:a review[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2012,424:1-10.
70-71
,但在酸性条件下容易发生铁浸出,并且当pH值超过3时,催化活性明显下降  GANJALI F,KASHTIARAY A,ZAREI-SHOKAT S,et al. Functionalized hybrid magnetic catalytic systems on micro-and nanoscale utilized in organic synthesis and degradation of dyes[J]. Nanoscale Advances,2022,4(5):1263-1307.
72
。此外,氧化铁在芬顿氧化反应中易结块的问题也限制了其实际应用。

目前,多种材料合成的策略被用于克服这些局限性。例如,通过将FeO-NMs掺入载体材料中,赋予复合材料优异性能,从而显著提高催化效率  SHARMA R K,DUTTA S,SHARMA S,et al. Fe3O4 (iron oxide)-supported nanocatalysts:synthesis,characterization and applications in coupling reactions[J]. Green Chemistry,2016,18(11):3184-3209.
 MIJONE P D,BÔAS R N V,BENTO H B S,et al. Coating and incorporation of iron oxides into a magnetic-polymer composite to be used as lipase support for ester syntheses[J]. Renewable Energy,2020,149:1167-1173.
 SARKAR S,GUIBAL E,QUIGNARD F,et al. Polymer-supported metals and metal oxide nanoparticles:synthesis,characterization,and applications[J]. Journal of Nanoparticle Research,2012,14(2):715.
 LUPÍNKOVÁ S,BENKOCKÁ M,RYŠÁNEK P,et al. Enhancing immobilization of iron oxide particles on various polymer surfaces[J]. Polymer Engineering & Science,2022,62(5):1463-1472.
73-76
。研究表明,将FeO-NMs掺入聚合物基质中,不仅增强了催化剂的稳定性和效率,还在分解H2O2方面表现出良好的催化活性,可生·OH,有效降解废水中的有害物质  SHIFRINA Z B,MATVEEVA V G,BRONSTEIN L M. Role of polymer structures in catalysis by transition metal and metal oxide nanoparticle composites[J]. Chemical Reviews,2020,120(2):1350-1396.
 KOBYLIUKH A,OLSZOWSKA K,SZELUGA U,et al. Iron oxides/graphene hybrid structures-Preparation,modification,and application as fillers of polymer composites[J]. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science,2020,285:102285.
77-78
。此外,相较于无机铁盐,含铁聚合物还具有比表面积大、可重复利用和金属浸出量低等优势  HUSSAIN A,REHMAN F,RAFEEQ H,et al. In-situ,Ex-situ,and nano-remediation strategies to treat polluted soil,water,and air: a review[J]. Chemosphere,2022,289:133252.
 SOON A N,HAMEED B H. Heterogeneous catalytic treatment of synthetic dyes in aqueous media using Fenton and photo-assisted Fenton process[J]. Desalination,2011,269(1/2/3):1-16.
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聚乙烯二氧噻吩(PEDOT)已被用作核壳纳米材料的外层,以增强芬顿氧化反应中的活性位点并保护氧化铁。Shin等  SHIN S,YOON H,JANG J. Polymer-encapsulated iron oxide nanoparticles as highly efficient Fenton catalysts[J]. Catalysis Communications,2008,10(2):178-182.
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通过酸蚀刻介导的化学氧化聚合合成了Fe3O4-PEDOT核壳纳米材料,用于去除活性黑5(RB5)和Orange II,其催化活性比商用Fe3O4纳米粉末高出约2.5倍。González-Bahamón等  GONZÁLEZ-BAHAMÓN L F,MAZILLE F,BENÍTEZ L N,et al. Photo-Fenton degradation of resorcinol mediated by catalysts based on iron species supported on polymers[J]. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A:Chemistry,2011,217(1):201-206.
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制备了用于非均相芬顿氧化降解的Fe-PE薄膜,并以间苯二酚为目标污染物,在H2O2存在、初始pH值为5.6的情况下,40 min内将间苯二酚完全降解。Ratvijitvech等  RATVIJITVECH T. Fe-immobilised catechol-based hypercrosslinked polymer as heterogeneous Fenton catalyst for degradation of methylene blue in water[J]. Polymers,2022,14(13):2749.
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开发了一种基于邻苯二酚的超交联聚合物(邻苯二酚-HCP),并将其作为铁的低成本固体载体催化剂(邻苯二酚-HCP-Fe),用于亚甲基蓝(MB)的降解实验,结果显示,100 mg/L MB在25 min内被完全脱色。

除了合成聚合物,生物聚合物也被广泛用作芬顿氧化催化剂的载体。Shen等  SHEN J L,ZHOU Y M,LI S S,et al. Hydrogel-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles as an efficient heterogeneous Fenton catalyst for degradation of phenol[J]. Journal of Materials Science,2019,54(15):10684-10694.
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研究指出,水凝胶等聚合物材料优异的亲水性、渗透性和传质效率有助于其在固-液界面上促进氧化剂、催化剂和目标污染物之间的接触,进而加速反应,如图1所示。藻酸盐正是因为能够形成稳定的水凝胶球体而备受关注,其形成的水凝胶球体具有高比表面积、低成本、环保、结构网格化和表面基团浓度高等优点,适合作为催化载体。Sanromán团队深入研究了使用负载铁的藻酸盐作为芬顿氧化催化剂处理农药  IGLESIAS O,GÓMEZ J,PAZOS M,et al. Electro-Fenton oxidation of imidacloprid by Fe alginate gel beads[J]. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2014,144:416-424.
84
、酒厂废水  IGLESIAS O,MEIJIDE J,BOCOS E,et al. New approaches on heterogeneous electro-Fenton treatment of winery wastewater[J]. Electrochimica Acta,2015,169:134-141.
85
、离子液体  BOCOS E,PAZOS M,SANROMÁN M Á. Electro-Fenton treatment of imidazolium-based ionic liquids:kinetics and degradation pathways[J]. RSC Advances,2016,6(3):1958-1965.
86
和染料  IGLESIAS O,FERNÁNDEZ DE DIOS M A,ROSALES E,et al. Optimisation of decolourisation and degradation of Reactive Black 5 dye under electro-Fenton process using Fe alginate gel beads[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International,2013,20(4):2172-2183.
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等污染物的效果。Titouhi等  TITOUHI H,BELGAIED J E. Heterogeneous Fenton oxidation of ofloxacin drug by iron alginate support[J]. Environmental Technology,2016,37(16):2003-2015.
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合成了铁掺杂藻酸盐珠(Fe-ABs),并将其作为芬顿氧化催化剂用于去除氧氟沙星。结果显示,该催化剂的铁浸出量极少,在三个连续氧化过程中可一直保持良好的稳定性,且在180 min内实现了抗生素的完全去除。Ben Hammouda等  BEN HAMMOUDA S,ADHOUM N,MONSER L. Synthesis of magnetic alginate beads based on Fe3O4 nanoparticles for the removal of 3-methylindole from aqueous solution using Fenton process[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2015,294:128-136.
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利用含铁的藻酸盐珠作为非均相催化剂,通过芬顿氧化降解恶臭化合物吲哚,约82%吲哚在120 min内被去除。进一步的研究表明,基于FeO纳米材料的藻酸盐珠(Fe-MABs)是H2O2氧化3-甲基吲哚的最佳非均相芬顿氧化催化剂。图2为采用藻酸盐作为氧化铁聚合物载体催化剂示意图  BISWAS S,PAL A. Iron oxide-loaded alginate-bentonite hydrogel beads as a green and sustainable catalyst for 4-nitrophenol reduction[J]. Materials Today Communications,2021,28:102588.
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,该载体的固有特性有助于反应的进行,不仅能提高氧化效率,还具有绿色、天然、合成过程简单的优势。在嵌入FeO和天然铁矿石(NIO)的磁性藻酸钙珠的制备过程中,引入天然铁矿提高了多相催化剂的稳定性和降解活性,使其更加稳定  BEN AYED S,MANSOUR L,VAIANO V,et al. Magnetic Fe3O4-natural iron ore/calcium alginate beads as heterogeneous catalyst for Novacron blue dye degradation in water by (photo)Fenton process[J]. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A:Chemistry,2023,438:114566.
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图1     Fe3O4负载水凝胶降解污染物的示意图
Fig. 1     Proposed mechanism of pollutant degradation on Fe3O4@hydrogel in Fenton like system  SHEN J L,ZHOU Y M,LI S S,et al. Hydrogel-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles as an efficient heterogeneous Fenton catalyst for degradation of phenol[J]. Journal of Materials Science,2019,54(15):10684-10694.
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图2     以水凝胶为催化剂的示意图
Fig. 2     Schematic representation of hydrogel as a catalyst  BISWAS S,PAL A. Iron oxide-loaded alginate-bentonite hydrogel beads as a green and sustainable catalyst for 4-nitrophenol reduction[J]. Materials Today Communications,2021,28:102588.
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普鲁兰为天然多糖、通过交联形成的三维高分子材料,具备高度亲水性和多孔结构,并能在三维网络中保留大量水分。普鲁兰水凝胶由于具有生物相容性、生物可降解性、良好亲水性等特征,不仅在生物医学领域如作为药物控制释放的基质、组织工程的支架、食品工业的封装材料以及外科和再生医学中的生物材料等方面得到广泛应用,还在金属固定化方面具有应用潜力。Cheng等  CHENG S Y,ZHANG C,LI J J,et al. Highly efficient removal of antibiotic from biomedical wastewater using Fenton-like catalyst magnetic pullulan hydrogels[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers,2021,262:117951.
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通过将Fe3O4引入普鲁兰基质中成功合成了磁性普鲁兰水凝胶,并将其应用于非均相芬顿氧化工艺中氧化降解抗生素四环素(TC),结果表明该催化剂在H2O2存在的情况下活性显著,极大提高了TC的降解效率(见图3)。

图3     磁性普鲁兰水凝胶的工艺示意图
Fig. 3     Schematic diagram of TC degradation process on magnetic Pullulan hydrogel  CHENG S Y,ZHANG C,LI J J,et al. Highly efficient removal of antibiotic from biomedical wastewater using Fenton-like catalyst magnetic pullulan hydrogels[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers,2021,262:117951.
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聚邻苯二酚(PCC)是天然化合物邻苯二酚的生物聚合物,因具备卓越的内聚和黏合性能而被广泛用于涂料制备等多个领域。邻苯二酚的聚合可通过多种方法引发,所得PCC结构因具有独特的化学组成和键合特性而表现出优异性质  HUA Y N,WANG C,WANG S,et al. Poly(catechol) modified Fe3O4 magnetic nanocomposites with continuous high Fenton activity for organic degradation at neutral pH[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International,2021,28(44):62690-62702.
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图4为以PCC去除MB的机理及其在Fe3O4/PCC/H2O2体系中的作用,可见三价铁可催化邻苯二酚聚合,生成含有PCC-Fe前体的沉淀物。研究表明,以PCC修饰的Fe3O4磁性纳米复合材料(Fe3O4/PCC MNPs)作为非均相催化剂,能够有效促进芬顿氧化反应去除亚甲基蓝(MB)等有机污染物,并且该催化剂可循环使用8次,铁损失量极小。与纯Fe3O4相比,这种催化剂在降解污染物方面表现出更高的效率。循环伏安法(CV)测试结果显示,Fe3O4/PCC MNPs的阴极和阳极峰之间的电位差小于Fe3O4 MNPs,表明引入PCC后,Fe3+/Fe2+氧化还原过程显著加快,Fe(Ⅱ)的快速再生显著增强了MB在非均相芬顿氧化体系中的降解效率。这证明PCC在Fe3O4 MNPs表面的存在提高了芬顿氧化反应的催化活性,使其在降解有机污染物方面更为高效。多相聚合物负载催化剂的可回收性和重复使用性是关键性能,具有重要的经济意义。研究结果表明  HUA Y N,WANG C,WANG S,et al. Poly(catechol) modified Fe3O4 magnetic nanocomposites with continuous high Fenton activity for organic degradation at neutral pH[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International,2021,28(44):62690-62702.
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,Fe3O4/PCC MNPs催化剂在8个循环芬顿氧化反应中几乎完全去除了目标污染物MB,铁浸出量可以忽略不计。极低的铁释放(<1.5 mg/L)和稳定的催化效率使得Fe3O4/PCC MNPs成为理想的芬顿氧化反应催化剂。

图4     (a)以PCC去除MB的机理和(b) PCC在Fe3O4/PCC/H2O2体系中的作用
Fig. 4     (a) Mechanism of MB removal;(b) Role of PCC in Fe3O4/PCC/H2O2 system  HUA Y N,WANG C,WANG S,et al. Poly(catechol) modified Fe3O4 magnetic nanocomposites with continuous high Fenton activity for organic degradation at neutral pH[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International,2021,28(44):62690-62702.
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Zhuang等  ZHUANG Y,SHI B Y. Polymer hydrogels with enhanced stability and heterogeneous Fenton activity in organic pollutant removal[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2019,85:147-155.
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评估了嵌入聚乙烯醇(PVA)水凝胶中的铁(氢)氧化物作为非均相芬顿氧化催化剂在四环素(TC)降解中的催化性能。结果显示,该材料在pH值为2~10范围内催化活性良好,铁浸出率低,重复使用性好,在连续5次循环后仍保持近90%的催化活性。此外,PVA水凝胶对铁离子浸出的有效抑制作用得到了进一步证实,重复实验后,从每种催化剂中浸出的铁低于5%。

业内有学者开展了聚合物组合的研究,核心目的在于通过功能化组合提升催化剂的稳定性和回收性能。例如,Meijide等  MEIJIDE J,PAZOS M,SANROMÁN M Á. Heterogeneous electro-Fenton catalyst for 1-butylpyridinium chloride degradation[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International,2019,26(4):3145-3156.
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制备了由PVA和藻酸盐组成的复合珠粒(G-PVA-A),其中包含采用针铁矿作为非均相催化剂和铁源。并将其用于氯化1-丁基吡啶的芬顿氧化法去除的实验。实验结果显示,在最佳条件下,1 h内完全去除了目标污染物。尽管在连续3个循环后效能略有下降,但G-PVA-A仍表现出良好的稳定性和可回收性。Shen等  SHEN J L,ZHOU Y M,LI S S,et al. Hydrogel-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles as an efficient heterogeneous Fenton catalyst for degradation of phenol[J]. Journal of Materials Science,2019,54(15):10684-10694.
83
通过共沉淀法制备了羧甲基纤维素-g-聚丙烯酸共丙烯酰胺水凝胶涂覆的FeO纳米材料,并进行了原位接枝共聚,将其用作苯酚降解的非均相催化剂。结果显示,在最优条件下,该催化剂180 min内去除了约80.4% COD和约98.2%苯酚。

壳聚糖是一种源于甲壳类动物外骨骼的生物聚合物,其分子链上的氨基和羟基为壳聚糖赋予了优异的反应活性  ELIEH-ALI-KOMI D,HAMBLIN M R. Chitin and chitosan:production and application of versatile biomedical nanomaterials[J]. International Journal of Advanced Research,2016,4(3):411-427.
95
。这种材料中存在大量可以通过化学和物理方法进行改性的表面活性基团,将其应用于催化剂时,可以根据具体应用需求定制催化剂性能,是无机纳米材料(如氧化铁和铜)的理想载体基质  KHALID N,KALSOOM U,AHSAN Z,et al. Non-magnetic and magnetically responsive support materials immobilized peroxidases for biocatalytic degradation of emerging dye pollutants: a review[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,2022,207:387-401.
96
。另外,壳聚糖负载氧化铁还具备高效性和环境友好性。因此,壳聚糖在环境修复领域备受关注  BORHANI M,DADPOUR S,HAGHIGHIZADEH A,et al. Crosslinked hydrogel loaded with chitosan-supported iron oxide and silver nanoparticles as burn wound dressing[J]. Pharmaceutical Development and Technology,2023,28(10):962-977.
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作为一种生物相容性好的可降解材料,壳聚糖的应用对生态系统和环境的影响较小。同时,壳聚糖负载氧化铁催化剂具有比表面积高、表面活性位点密度高的特点,能显著提升芬顿氧化过程中污染物降解的效率。此外,壳聚糖表面负载的磁性珠粒还可以通过外加强磁场的方式分离和回收,便于在多个循环中重复使用,进一步增强催化过程的整体可持续性  UL-ISLAM M,ALABBOSH K F,MANAN S,et al. Chitosan-based nanostructured biomaterials:synthesis,properties,and biomedical applications[J]. Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research,2024,7(1):79-99.
98

Li等  LI X Y,CUI K P,GUO Z,et al. Heterogeneous Fenton-like degradation of tetracyclines using porous magnetic chitosan microspheres as an efficient catalyst compared with two preparation methods[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2020,379:122324.
99
通过芬顿氧化反应评价了壳聚糖负载Fe3O4在TC降解中的催化活性,结果显示,壳聚糖-Fe3O4/H2O2体系对TC的去除效果明显高于Fe3O4/H2O2体系,在20 min内达到96.0%的去除率。一方面,壳聚糖有效防止了Fe3O4的团聚;另一方面,铁基团与碳基体之间的强协同作用触发了H2O2的分解并释放了大量·OH,这些·OH是去除TC的主要活性物质。在6次非均相类芬顿氧化降解TC的循环中,包埋在壳聚糖珠粒中的磁铁矿纳米颗粒表现出高度可回收性,每次循环后可通过施加外部磁场分离珠粒并冷冻干燥24 h以回收。经过6次循环后,120 min内的TC降解率仍保持在85%以上,表明该催化剂是一种有效且稳定的非均相芬顿氧化反应催化剂  LI X Y,CUI K P,GUO Z,et al. Heterogeneous Fenton-like degradation of tetracyclines using porous magnetic chitosan microspheres as an efficient catalyst compared with two preparation methods[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2020,379:122324.
99
。众多研究已证实,壳聚糖负载氧化铁在非均相芬顿氧化反应中显著提升了对多种有机污染物(如苯酚、三氯生和3-氯苯酚  FARINELLI G,DI LUCA A,KAILA V R I,et al. Fe-chitosan complexes for oxidative degradation of emerging contaminants in water:Structure,activity,and reaction mechanism[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2021,408:124662.
100
)的降解效率。

1.2     铜配合物/纳米颗粒

近年来,铜配合物/纳米颗粒的非均相芬顿氧化催化剂由于具有高效、稳定、可回收的特点,在废水处理领域备受关注。铜纳米材料(Cu NPs)及其配合物被纳入聚合物基质中,因其表面积大、热稳定性好和机械强度高等特性,作为非均相类芬顿氧化反应的有效催化剂得到了广泛应用。无论是由铜络合物还是由固定在聚合物上的Cu NPs组成的催化剂,都具有成熟的制备方法。目前,以一些高分子聚合物(如聚乙二醇  CRUZ P,PÉREZ Y,DEL HIERRO I,et al. Copper,copper oxide nanoparticles and copper complexes supported on mesoporous SBA-15 as catalysts in the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol in aqueous phase[J]. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials,2016,220:136-147.
101
、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮  SAVVA I,KALOGIROU A S,CHATZINICOLAOU A,et al. PVP-crosslinked electrospun membranes with embedded Pd and Cu2O nanoparticles as effective heterogeneous catalytic supports[J]. RSC Advances,2014,4(85):44911-44921.
102
、聚两性电解质  LÁZARO MARTÍNEZ J M,LEAL DENIS M F,PIEHL L L,et al. Studies on the activation of hydrogen peroxide for color removal in the presence of a new Cu(Ⅱ)-polyampholyte heterogeneous catalyst[J]. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2008,82(3/4):273-283.
103
、纤维素  NAGARAJAN D,VENKATANARASIMHAN S. Copper(Ⅱ) oxide nanoparticles coated cellulose sponge: an effective heterogeneous catalyst for the reduction of toxic organic dyes[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2019,26(22):22958-22970.
104
和壳聚糖  KUNTAIL J,PAL S,SINHA I. Interfacial phenomena during Fenton reaction on starch stabilized magnetite nanoparticles:Molecular dynamics and experimental investigations[J]. Journal of Molecular Liquids,2020,318:114037.
63
 ZAYED M F,EISA W H,HOSAM A E M,et al. Spectroscopic investigation of chitosan-supported Cu2O/CuO nanocomposite;a separable catalyst for water-pollutants degradation[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2020,835:155306.
105
)作为基质的芬顿氧化催化剂已有报道。

负载铜的壳聚糖水凝胶(Cu/CH)已被开发,用于直接分解H2O2,并能在类芬顿氧化反应中产生·OH。光致发光技术测定结果表明,含有Cu/CH催化剂的双氧水中富有高浓度的·OH,且双氧水的催化活性好  KUNTAIL J,PAL S,SINHA I. Interfacial phenomena during Fenton reaction on starch stabilized magnetite nanoparticles:Molecular dynamics and experimental investigations[J]. Journal of Molecular Liquids,2020,318:114037.
63
。重复使用性实验显示,壳聚糖负载的铜催化剂可以多次回收而不损失其催化活性。Orto等  LÁZARO MARTÍNEZ J M,LEAL DENIS M F,PIEHL L L,et al. Studies on the activation of hydrogen peroxide for color removal in the presence of a new Cu(Ⅱ)-polyampholyte heterogeneous catalyst[J]. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2008,82(3/4):273-283.
103
报道了Cu(II)-聚两性电解质的制备和应用,该催化剂通过活化H2O2,可在室温下有效降解甲基橙(MO),在pH=7.0的条件下,20 min内能降解90%MO。相比之下,在相等的时长内,无聚两性电解质的Cu(II)/H2O2系统对MO的降解率低于10%。这凸显了Cu(II)-聚两性电解质在增强催化性能方面的重要作用。

Castro等  CASTRO I U,STÜBER F,FABREGAT A,et al. Supported Cu(Ⅱ) polymer catalysts for aqueous phenol oxidation[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,163(2/3):809-815.
106
制备了聚乙烯基吡啶(PVP)负载的Cu(II),用于催化H2O2对苯酚进行氧化。PVP对金属离子具有强大的亲和力和参与氢键的能力,因此能够固定所负载的金属离子。PVP-铜络合物的表征结果显示,羰基键基团与金属含量有关  MALYNYCH S,LUZINOV I,CHUMANOV G. Poly(vinyl pyridine) as a universal surface modifier for immobilization of nanoparticles[J]. Journal of Physical Chemistry B,2002,106(6):1280-1285.
107
。Lyu等  LYU L,HAN M E,CAO W R,et al. Efficient Fenton-like process for organic pollutant degradation on Cu-doped mesoporous polyimide nanocomposites[J]. Environmental Science:Nano,2019,6(3):798-808.
108
开发了以铜掺杂介孔聚酰亚胺纳米复合材料(Cu-MP NC)作为类芬顿氧化反应的催化剂(图5)。在以染料罗丹明B(RhB)为目标污染物的对比实验中,传统芬顿催化剂Fe3O4和CuO在90 min内对RhB的去除率分别为30.8%和39.8%,聚酰亚胺类芬顿系统的去除率为26.5%。而在Cu-MP NC/H2O2系统中,RhB去除率在30 min内达到93.1%,在60 min内接近100%,这一结果比聚酰亚胺/H2O2、Fe3O4/H2O2和CuO/H2O2系统中的去除率分别高出28倍、21倍和15倍。在pH值范围较宽的条件下,Cu-MP NC仍然表现出高效的类芬顿氧化催化活性。

图5     以铜掺杂介孔聚酰亚胺纳米复合材料(Cu-MP NC)作为类芬顿氧化过程催化剂的示意图
Fig. 5     Schematic representation of Cu-doped mesoporous polyimide nanocomposites (Cu-MP NC) as catalysts for the Fenton like oxidation process  LYU L,HAN M E,CAO W R,et al. Efficient Fenton-like process for organic pollutant degradation on Cu-doped mesoporous polyimide nanocomposites[J]. Environmental Science:Nano,2019,6(3):798-808.
108

此外,Rashid等  RASHID S,SHEN C S,CHEN X G,et al. Enhanced catalytic ability of chitosan-Cu-Fe bimetal complex for the removal of dyes in aqueous solution[J]. RSC Advances,2015,5(110):90731-90741.
109
将壳聚糖与Fe3+,Cu2+螯合,制备了负载铜铁双金属复合物的壳聚糖。在pH值为4~12的范围内,以H2O2为氧化剂,研究了该复合物对活性黑5(RB 5)的催化降解效率。结果表明,含有该催化剂的H2O2在10 min内去除了90%以上的染料,并在实验条件下表现出良好的可复用性和耐久性。

1.3     钌

钌(Ru)作为铂族金属中唯一的过渡金属催化剂,在H2O2作为氧化剂的条件下,表现出类芬顿氧化的活性。钌的潜在氧化价态可从0到+8,但最常见的形式是二价(Ru2+)、三价(Ru3+)和四价(Ru4+)。钌配合物在多种有机转化反应中的应用,如醇脱氢、烯烃羟基化、水氧化和烯烃环氧化,已被广泛研究  BOKARE A D,CHOI W. Review of iron-free Fenton-like systems for activating H2O2 in advanced oxidation processes[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2014,275:121-135.
 PAGLIARO M,CAMPESTRINI S,CIRIMINNA R. Ru-based oxidation catalysis[J]. Chemical Society Reviews,2005,34(10):837-845.
110-111
。然而,使用钌介导的H2O2分解去除环境污染物的研究相对有限  PAGLIARO M,CAMPESTRINI S,CIRIMINNA R. Ru-based oxidation catalysis[J]. Chemical Society Reviews,2005,34(10):837-845.
111
。Hu等  HU Z M,LEUNG C F,TSANG Y K,et al. A recyclable polymer-supported ruthenium catalyst for the oxidative degradation of bisphenol A in water using hydrogen peroxide[J]. New Journal of Chemistry,2011,35(1):149-155.
112
利用固定在阳离子交换树脂(Dowex-50W和Chelex-100)上的Ru2+-聚吡啶复合物作为催化剂,成功实现了双酚A的降解。研究结果表明,Ru2+与H2O2在pH值为4~8的范围内反应生成·OH,并在较高pH值下表现出更高的氧化效率。通过叠氮-炔环加成合成方法,将疏水叠氮化物修饰的柱[  MISHRA R K,MENTHA S S,MISRA Y,et al. Emerging pollutants of severe environmental concern in water and wastewater:a comprehensive review on current developments and future research[J]. Water-Energy Nexus,2023,6:74-95.
5
]芳烃与亲水炔修饰的Ru衍生物结合,制备了交联的柱[  MISHRA R K,MENTHA S S,MISRA Y,et al. Emerging pollutants of severe environmental concern in water and wastewater:a comprehensive review on current developments and future research[J]. Water-Energy Nexus,2023,6:74-95.
5
]芳烃聚合物。该聚合物能自组装成具有正电荷表面和催化能力的球形纳米材料,对阴离子染料去除性能优异  WU X,CHEN Y,LIU Y. Supramolecular crosslinked polymer for efficient organic dye removal from aqueous solution[J]. Advanced Sustainable Systems,2019,3(5):1800165.
113

采用树脂作为聚合物载体不仅可以有效防止钌络合物的浸出,还能促进催化剂的重复氧化循环和回收利用。这一点尤为重要,因为钌是一种昂贵且稀有的元素,钌基芬顿氧化系统的实际应用易受成本限制,如果此类催化剂不能重复使用和回收利用,则难以确保其经济可行性  BOKARE A D,CHOI W. Review of iron-free Fenton-like systems for activating H2O2 in advanced oxidation processes[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2014,275:121-135.
110

2     聚合物负载多相催化剂的合成方法

聚合物负载的金属或金属氧化物纳米材料的合成通常有两种途径,即非原位法和原位法。这两种方法各有特点,适用于不同类型催化剂的制备。

非原位法首先使用软化学途径在聚合物基质外单独合成无机纳米材料,随后将其分散到三维基质或聚合物溶液中。常用的非原位合成方法包括化学还原法、溶胶-凝胶法和热分解法。这种方法的优势在于能够精确控制纳米材料的尺寸、形状和组成,并且对聚合物载体和纳米材料的选择没有严格限制  GHANBARI D,SALAVATI-NIASARI M,GHASEMI-KOOCH M. In situ and ex situ synthesis of poly(vinyl alcohol)-Fe3O4 nanocomposite flame retardants[J]. Particuology,2016,26:87-94.
114
。目前,合成聚合物以及生物聚合物如藻酸盐和壳聚糖,已被广泛应用于非原位合成聚合物负载纳米材料。聚合物负载纳米材料的制备主要包括两个阶段:首先溶解聚合物(生物聚合物通常可溶于酸化水溶液中),然后通过中和、凝结或离子交联形成凝胶,常用于制备球形水凝胶  GUIBAL E,VINCENT T,JOUANNIN C. Immobilization of extractants in biopolymer capsules for the synthesis of new resins:a focus on the encapsulation of tetraalkyl phosphonium ionic liquids[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry,2009,19(45):8515-8527.
115

原位法则是在已有聚合物框架或基质内直接合成金属、金属氧化物或纳米材料。该方法通常先将金属前体或反应物添加到聚合物溶液或熔体中,然后通过化学或物理过程(如还原反应、沉淀或热处理)形成纳米颗粒材料。在合成过程中,聚合物充当纳米反应器,提供受限介质的同时,保护和分离产生的纳米颗粒(分离功能可以避免纳米颗粒聚集)。与非原位法相比,原位合成具有合成步骤简单、纳米材料在聚合物内的分散性好、颗粒尺寸和形态可控等优点。原位合成过程可分为两大类:吸附后氧化还原和/或沉淀反应,以及浸渍后沉淀和/或氧化还原反应。图6为聚合物催化剂用于芬顿氧化法之前的合成步骤。

图6     聚合物催化剂用于芬顿氧化法之前的合成步骤
Fig. 6     Synthesis steps of the polymer catalyst prior to its use in the Fenton oxidation method  GUIBAL E,VINCENT T,JOUANNIN C. Immobilization of extractants in biopolymer capsules for the synthesis of new resins:a focus on the encapsulation of tetraalkyl phosphonium ionic liquids[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry,2009,19(45):8515-8527.
115

聚合物负载纳米材料的性质受多种因素影响,包括功能聚合物的特性、金属和金属氧化物纳米材料的组成、纳米材料前体的类型及纳米材料形成的反应条件。含有特定官能团(如羟基、羧基或胺基)的聚合物可以与金属离子协作,促进催化物质的吸附,从而提高芬顿氧化反应的整体效率  GODIYA C B,XIAO Y H,LU X L. Amine functionalized sodium alginate hydrogel for efficient and rapid removal of methyl blue in water[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,2020,144:671-681.
116
。例如,聚丙烯腈(PAN)含有反应性的腈基,可转化为多种功能衍生物,作为非均相催化剂  RUBINA S,VINEETHA P K,ANAS S. An efficient polymer supported Fenton type catalyst for photodegradation of organic dyes[J]. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A:Chemistry,2024,449:115410.
117
。Rubina等  RUBINA S,VINEETHA P K,ANAS S. An efficient polymer supported Fenton type catalyst for photodegradation of organic dyes[J]. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A:Chemistry,2024,449:115410.
117
制备了一种肼改性的PAN-铁络合物,在6个连续循环中重复使用未见明显铁浸出与MB降解效率变化,展现了优异的稳定性和催化性。

3     工艺参数对芬顿氧化法的影响

芬顿氧化的工艺参数,如催化剂用量、污染物浓度、介质的pH值等,对聚合物负载非均相催化剂的性能有显著影响。适当控制和优化这些操作参数是实现预期结果和提高目标污染物降解率的必要条件。

3.1     催化剂用量

聚合物负载催化剂的非均相芬顿氧化工艺中,催化剂用量是一个关键运行参数。增加催化剂用量通常可以增加水体中的活性位点浓度,加速H2O2的分解,从而显著增加·OH的数量,提高污染物降解速率  BEN HAMMOUDA S,ADHOUM N,MONSER L. Synthesis of magnetic alginate beads based on Fe3O4 nanoparticles for the removal of 3-methylindole from aqueous solution using Fenton process[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2015,294:128-136.
89
。Li等  LI X Y,CUI K P,GUO Z,et al. Heterogeneous Fenton-like degradation of tetracyclines using porous magnetic chitosan microspheres as an efficient catalyst compared with two preparation methods[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2020,379:122324.
99
发现,当催化剂浓度低于500 mg/L时,TC降解率随着催化剂用量增加而提升,当催化剂用量从500 mg/L进一步增加到700 mg/L时,反应速率常数变化不大。这种现象可以通过以下因素解释:随着催化剂用量的增加,虽然铁含量的提高增加了活性位点密度,但由于生成的·OH只有很短的存在时间,当催化剂-液相界面的·OH浓度过高时,·OH之间容易发生反应[式(4)]而迅速淬灭,导致降解效率降低。因此,合理选择催化剂用量对于优化降解效果至关重要  WANG C,JIANG R,YANG J X,et al. Enhanced heterogeneous Fenton degradation of organic pollutants by CRC/Fe3O4 catalyst at neutral pH[J]. Frontiers in Chemistry,2022,10:892424.
118

·OH+·OH→H2O2
式(4)

3.2     污染物浓度

污染物浓度是影响非均相芬顿氧化反应效率的关键因素之一,会直接影响反应动力和降解效率  RUBINA S,VINEETHA P K,ANAS S. An efficient polymer supported Fenton type catalyst for photodegradation of organic dyes[J]. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A:Chemistry,2024,449:115410.
117
。研究表明,随着初始MB质量浓度的增加,MB的去除效率逐渐下降  RUBINA S,VINEETHA P K,ANAS S. An efficient polymer supported Fenton type catalyst for photodegradation of organic dyes[J]. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A:Chemistry,2024,449:115410.
117
。例如,MB质量浓度分别为15,20和30 mg/L时,其去除率分别为46.41%,42.47%和23.30%。随着污染物浓度的升高,降解过程所需的时间延长。这是因为当富羧酸碳(CRC)改性Fe3O4磁性颗粒(CRC/Fe3O4)催化剂和H2O2的剂量恒定时,反应体系中产生的·OH数量相对固定。较低的污染物浓度意味着溶液中有较多的·OH可用,而较高浓度的污染物则会导致·OH相对不足,需要更长的反应时间来有效降解污染物。

此外,污染物浓度还会影响芬顿氧化反应的路径和机制  LI Z T,GU Y F,LI F T. Heterogeneous Fenton system with dual working mechanisms for aqueous pollutants degradation[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering,2022,10(3):107686.
119
。目标污染物的浓度变化在影响反应路径的同时,还会形成不同的副产物。高浓度的污染物会增加副反应的可能性,产生更多复杂的化学转化及副产物,进而使芬顿氧化反应路径发生变化,影响污染物的分解效率。

3.3     pH值

合适的pH值对提升非均相类芬顿氧化处理效率至关重要。有研究认为,在中性或碱性条件下,非均相类芬顿氧化反应可以有效消除有机污染物  ELIEH-ALI-KOMI D,HAMBLIN M R. Chitin and chitosan:production and application of versatile biomedical nanomaterials[J]. International Journal of Advanced Research,2016,4(3):411-427.
95
;也有研究认为,pH值约为3时效果更佳  ZHOU Y M,SHEN J L,BAI Y,et al. Enhanced degradation of Acid Red 73 by using cellulose-based hydrogel coated Fe3O4 nanocomposite as a Fenton-like catalyst[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,2020,152:242-249.
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。造成这种差异的主要原因可能是金属离子的溶解度不同和活性位点的活性不同。具体来说就是:某些催化剂主要依赖表面的活性位点进行催化反应,对pH值变化表现出较强的抵抗力,在这种情况下,催化功能由固定的活性位点完成,因此其性能相对稳定;相反,另一些催化剂则是从表面释放金属离子来发挥作用,随着pH值的增加,水解和沉淀现象可能导致水相中的金属离子失活,并可能延迟或阻止金属离子从固体催化剂表面浸出,从而影响催化效果。

综合分析不同的研究结果,发现在使用非均相芬顿氧化法处理某种污染物的实验过程中,往往存在一个能够平衡复合材料降解、自由基生成和污染物降解之间的关系,并能保持污染物与催化剂之间的有效静电吸引的最优pH值。值得注意的是,使用具有pH可控响应特性的聚合物作为非均相芬顿氧化催化剂的载体,可以在特定pH值条件下保持催化剂的持续有效性,从而实现最优的芬顿氧化反应效率  WANG W,LIU Y,LI T L,et al. Heterogeneous Fenton catalytic degradation of phenol based on controlled release of magnetic nanoparticles[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2014,242:1-9.
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4     聚合物负载多相芬顿氧化催化剂的研究进展

近年来,聚合物基非均相芬顿氧化催化剂的合成技术取得了显著进展,研发重点在于提高活性金属位点的分散性、提高催化剂的稳定性和效率。静电纺丝技术因其多功能性和潜在应用价值而成为研究热点。该技术通过施加电场生成亚微米至纳米级别的聚合物纤维,能够精确控制纤维形态、直径、孔分布和表面积,对催化应用至关重要(图7  AHMED F E,LALIA B S,HASHAIKEH R. A review on electrospinning for membrane fabrication:challenges and applications[J]. Desalination,2015,356:15-30.
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图7     在不同膜处理过程中运用的纤维颗粒的大小
Fig. 7     The size of the fiber particles applied in different membrane treatments  AHMED F E,LALIA B S,HASHAIKEH R. A review on electrospinning for membrane fabrication:challenges and applications[J]. Desalination,2015,356:15-30.
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静电纺丝技术在制备催化膜方面具有显著优势,主要体现在该技术制备的催化膜材料具备高孔隙度和独特的纤维结构,这些特性为催化膜提供了极高的比表面积与体积比,不仅可改善质量传递,还可为催化反应提供丰富的活性位点  KESHAVARZ S,OKORO O V,HAMIDI M,et al. Synthesis,surface modifications,and biomedical applications of carbon nanofibers:electrospun vs vapor-grown carbon nanofibers[J]. Coordination Chemistry Reviews,2022,472:214770.
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。此外,以静电纺丝技术制备催化膜时,可精确调控膜的组成、结构和性能,使催化膜能够适应特定的催化需求,并具备良好的可扩展性和多功能性,适用于多种催化剂载体材料和配置。以静电纺丝技术制备催化膜,其优势具体表现在以下几个方面  ZHENG H S,LU H,LI S,et al. Recent advances in electrospinning-nanofiber materials used in advanced oxidation processes for pollutant degradation[J]. Environmental Pollution,2024,344:123223.
 BEHROOZI A H,AL-SHAELI M,VATANPOUR V. Fabrication and modification of nanofiltration membranes by solution electrospinning technique:a review of influential factors and applications in water treatment[J]. Desalination,2023,558:116638.
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:1)催化膜具有高比表面积,可提供更多的活性位点,从而提高催化反应效率。 2)制备时,催化膜的孔隙度可控。在静电纺丝过程中,可以通过调节纤维直径和孔隙度来优化污染物吸附和控制试剂扩散。3)催化膜的工作稳定性高。由于铁离子被固定在聚合物基质中,避免了游离铁离子形成氢氧化物污泥的问题,这是对均相芬顿氧化系统的显著改进。4)所得催化膜可重复使用,降低了运行成本。5)催化膜可实现多官能化。这类聚合物膜易于进行官能化处理,可通过引入三乙醇胺等官能团,以增强其催化性能。例如,可通过静电纺丝技术,用三乙醇胺官能化聚氨酯膜,并在膜上掺杂FeCl3,以制备非均相芬顿氧化催化剂。在静电纺丝过程中,严格控制针到收集器的距离、电压、流速和纺丝时间等参数  PAVITHRAN P,JOHN R M,GEORGE S C,et al. Highly efficient removal of chromium,methylene blue and methyl orange using electrospun polyurethane as a support in heterogeneous Fenton reaction[J]. Environmental Processes,2024,11(1):17.
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,可以获得所需的纤维厚度和膜孔隙率。这种聚氨酯基合成膜在分解常见废水污染物(如铬、亚甲基蓝和甲基橙)方面表现出优秀的催化效率。其物理特性使得这些膜易于回收和再利用,在实际应用中具有显著的成本优势。尤为重要的是,官能化处理显著改变了膜的结构。未经官能化的电纺聚氨酯纤维直径约为2.2 µm,而掺入三乙醇胺和FeCl3后,纤维直径减小至1.3 µm。这种纤维直径的减小归因于添加三乙醇胺后聚合物溶液电导率的增加  JATOI A W. Polyurethane nanofibers incorporated with ZnAg composite nanoparticles for antibacterial wound dressing applications[J]. Composites Communications,2020,19:103-107.
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,导致液滴在针尖处形成的电荷密度更高,从而形成更细长的射流。与未改性的聚氨酯膜相比,改进后的多孔结构为催化反应提供了更多的活性位点,增强了催化性能。

业内相关科研团队还探索了将金属有机框架(MOFs)整合到聚合物膜中作为非均相催化剂材料  FDEZ-SANROMÁN A,PAZOS M,SANROMÁN M A,et al. Heterogeneous electro-Fenton system using Fe-MOF as catalyst and electrocatalyst for degradation of pharmaceuticals[J]. Chemosphere,2023,340:139942.
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。双组分或双金属MOFs相较于单一成分显示出更高的活性位点密度和电荷转移容量。例如,Favorites Sanromán等  FDEZ-SANROMÁN A,ROSALES E,PAZOS M,et al. One-pot synthesis of bimetallic Fe-Cu metal-organic frameworks composite for the elimination of organic pollutants via peroxymonosulphate activation[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2025,32(16):10592-10607.
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开发的一锅法合成的Fe-Cu MOFs复合材料,具有高效的染料、药物和病原体去除能力。

尽管电纺膜在多个循环中均保持着显著的降解性能,并具有良好的稳定性和重复使用的潜力,但仍然面临一些挑战。如需精确控制纺丝参数、工业化大规模应用复杂等。此外,在评价电纺膜作为芬顿氧化催化剂在废水处理中的长期可行性和有效性时,必须综合考虑环境和经济因素。

另一种新兴技术是自聚合限制方法,旨在解决金属负载量增加、保持金属纳米颗粒高分散性、防止团聚、减少金属浸出等方面存在的问题。该方法包括碳化阶段,即在惰性气氛下,高温热解金属离子的聚合物网络,生成含有金属纳米颗粒的氮掺杂碳基质。最终,可能还需对材料进行进一步活化,如酸洗或热处理  CHENG W,ZENG X W,CHEN H Z,et al. Versatile polydopamine platforms:synthesis and promising applications for surface modification and advanced nanomedicine[J]. ACS Nano,2019,13(8):8537-8565.
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,以增加孔隙率并暴露更多活性金属位点。Wang等  WANG L X,RAO L J,RAN M X,et al. A polymer tethering strategy to achieve high metal loading on catalysts for Fenton reactions[J]. Nature Communications,2023,14(1):7841.
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利用多巴胺在金属离子周围的自聚合,成功制备了嵌入氮掺杂碳基质中的超细金属纳米材料,形成了高效锚定的金属-氮-碳催化剂,并发现该材料具备高度带电性和良好的分散特性。

5     结论与展望

随着社会发展,绿色与环保成为现代生活的重要需求,水处理行业备受关注。芬顿氧化法作为水处理的核心技术之一,能去除多种污染物,但传统芬顿法存在药剂投加量大、反应所需pH值低、催化剂利用率低等劣势。非均相类芬顿氧化催化体系因其适应性和可靠性更具优势而成为理想选择,不仅效果与传统芬顿氧化相当,且能在较高pH值下进行,还可重复利用,发展空间更大。

聚合物负载非均相芬顿氧化催化剂在去除有机污染物方面有效性突出。通过将催化剂结合到聚合物载体上,可克服铁催化剂问题,增强反应性能。优化聚合物负载材料、探索新型聚合物基质及引入特定官能团可显著提升催化效率,提供更好的稳定性和更高的重复使用率,增强与反应条件的相容性。然而,目前仍缺乏大规模工业化应用案例。若能有效结合相关工艺,则有望进一步提升效率,优化催化性能,提高水处理能力。

本文主要聚焦于催化剂材料设计,但反应器类型(如连续流、固定床等)与催化剂投加方式的适配性将是后续技术转化中值得探索的方向。

选择聚合物基质或金属-聚合物复合材料时,兼容性和可回收性是关键因素,可防止浸出或降解,便于分离和回收,以此提高可持续性。

当前研究重点在于挖掘聚合物载体自身的潜力。未来可进一步探索聚合物载体与其他类型载体(如碳载体)的协同效应,注重实际废水应用验证,分析反应系统物质消耗、反应路径和效率,以优化反应过程,在环境保护和资源利用间找到最佳平衡点,以推动水处理技术进步。

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