碰撞反应池-三重四极杆ICP-MS测定纯铜中的痕量硫含量

基金项目

中央引导地方科技发展资金(20231ZDD02005);稀贵稀散金属材料江西省重点实验室项目(2024SSY05051)资助

中图分类号:

O655

文献标识码:

A

作者简介

刘宏(1992—),男,甘肃武威人,博士,工程师,研究方向:质谱仪器分析,E-mail:hongliu1992@126.com

流转信息

收稿日期 : 2025-03-17

修订日期 : 2025-08-20

引文格式

刘宏,桂诗浪. 碰撞反应池-三重四极杆ICP-MS测定纯铜中的痕量硫含量[J]. 铜业工程,2025(6):138-142.

Determination of Trace Sulfur in Pure Copper by Collision/Reaction Cell Triple Quadrupole ICP-MS

Citations

LIU Hong,GUI Shilang. Determination of trace sulfur in pure copper by collision/reaction cell triple quadrupole ICP-MS[J]. Copper Engineering,2025(6):138-142.

铜业工程    第6期    138-142
doi10.3969/j.issn.1009-3842.2025.06.013
分析测试(Analysis and Testing)

碰撞反应池-三重四极杆ICP-MS测定纯铜中的痕量硫含量

  • 刘宏
  • 桂诗浪
江西铜业技术研究院有限公司江西 南昌 330096

作者简介

刘宏(1992—),男,甘肃武威人,博士,工程师,研究方向:质谱仪器分析,E-mail:hongliu1992@126.com

基金项目

中央引导地方科技发展资金(20231ZDD02005);稀贵稀散金属材料江西省重点实验室项目(2024SSY05051)资助

中图分类号:

O655

文献标识码:

A

流转信息

收稿日期 : 2025-03-17     修订日期 : 2025-08-20     

引文格式

刘宏,桂诗浪. 碰撞反应池-三重四极杆ICP-MS测定纯铜中的痕量硫含量[J]. 铜业工程,2025(6):138-142.

摘要

硫(S)含量是纯铜的关键指标之一。由于严重的质谱干扰,常规四极杆ICP-MS难以准确测定纯铜中S元素的含量。本研究建立了碰撞反应池-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS/MS)测定纯铜样品中痕量硫含量的方法,并通过对比三重四极杆ICP-MS的四种不同检测模式,证明了在氧气反应-质量转移模式下检测S元素可以显著降低质谱干扰、提高信噪比。通过ICP-MS/MS测定硫元素的3种同位素(32S,33S和34S),建立的标准曲线R2系数皆优于0.999。由于33S同位素相比于32S和34S同位素,丰度和信噪比较低,故选择32S和34S同位素进行定量分析。最终,ICP-MS/MS测定32S和34S得到的方法检出限分别为1.2 μg/g和1.1 μg/g,能够满足3N~5N纯铜S含量分析需求。所测定的两个纯铜标准样品的S含量均在误差范围内,与推荐值一致,表明了本方法的可靠性。

关键词

纯铜;ICP-MS/MS;;氧气反应-质量转移模式;标准样品;

Determination of Trace Sulfur in Pure Copper by Collision/Reaction Cell Triple Quadrupole ICP-MS

  • LIU Hong
  • GUI Shilang
Jiangxi Copper Technology Institute Co.,Ltd.Nanchang 330096China

Citations

LIU Hong,GUI Shilang. Determination of trace sulfur in pure copper by collision/reaction cell triple quadrupole ICP-MS[J]. Copper Engineering,2025(6):138-142.

Abstract

Sulfur (S) content is a key index of pure copper. A dynamic reaction cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS) was developed for the determination of trace sulfur in pure copper samples. Due to serious mass spectrum interference, it is difficult to determine the content of S element in the sample by the common Q-ICP-MS. In this study, four different detection modes of NexION 5000G ICP-MS were compared, and the detection of S element in oxygen reaction mass-shift mode can significantly reduce the mass spectrum interference and improve the signal-to-noise ratio. Three isotopes of sulfur (32S, 33S and 34S) were determined by ICP-MS/MS, and the correlation coefficients (R2) of the established standard curves were all better than 0.999. However, due to the low abundance and signal-to-noise ratio of 33S compared with 32S and 34S, 32S and 34S isotopes were chosen for quantitative analysis. Finally, the detection limits of the method obtained by ICP-MS/MS for 32S and 34S were 1.2 μg/g and 1.1 μg/g, respectively, which can meet the requirements of S content analysis of 3-5N pure copper. The S content values of two pure copper standard samples were consistent with the recommended value within the error range, which indicated the reliability of the method.

Keywords

pure copper;ICP-MS/MS;sulfur content;oxygen reaction mass-shift mode;standard sample;



纯铜是重要的工业产品,通常纯度需达到3N(99.9%)以上,其中的金属和非金属杂质元素含量是评价纯铜品质的重要指标。其中,硫(S)元素属于非金属元素,在高纯铜制备过程中难以完全去除。国家标准《高纯铜》(GB/T 26017—2020)已经明确了高纯铜产品的化学成分,要求5N高纯铜S元素含量应小于2 μg/g。因此,在高纯铜产品生产前后,精确分析纯铜及高纯铜中的S元素含量十分必要。

目前,准确检测微量-痕量S元素的方法包括元素分析法  BÉDARD L P,SAVARD D,BARNES S J. Total sulfur concentration in geological reference materials by elemental infrared analyser[J]. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research,2008,32(2):203-208.
 RAN K. Simultaneous determination of total carbon,nitrogen,hydrogen and sulfur in twenty‐seven geological reference materials by elemental analyser[J]. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research,2009,33(2):271-283.
1-2
、离子色谱法  MICHEL A,VILLEMANT B. Determination of halogens (F,Cl,Br,I),sulfur and water in seventeen geological reference materials[J]. Geostandards Newsletter,2003,27(2):163-171.
 SHIMIZU K,SUZUKI K,SAITOH M,et al. Simultaneous determinations of fluorine,chlorine,and sulfur in rock samples by ion chromatography combined with pyrohydrolysis[J]. Geochemical Journal,2015,49(1):113-124.
3-4
、电感耦合等离子体光谱法(ICP-OES)  ALAM R,SHANG J Q,CHENG X R. Optimization of digestion parameters for analysing the total sulphur of mine tailings by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2012,184(5):3373-3387.
 苏雪,万志勇. 电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定颗粒物中的重金属——两种消解方法的对比分析[J]. 江西化工,2024,40(5):18-21.
 MAHANTA P L,SINGH A K. Determination of total sulfur and sulfate sulfur in geological materials of rocks,soils,and sediments by ICP-OES after sample digestion using alkali flux[J]. Atomic Spectroscopy,2017,38(4):99-105.
5-7
、电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)  YU L L,KELLY W R,FASSETT J D,et al. Determination of sulfur in fossil fuels by isotope dilution electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry,2001,16(2):140-145.
 YANG C H,JIANG S J. Determination of B,Si,P and S in steels by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry with dynamic reaction cell[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part B:Atomic Spectroscopy,2004,59(9):1389-1394.
 ERDMAN M E,LEE C A,YANG W B,et al. Sulfur concentration in geochemical reference materials by solution inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry[J]. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research,2014,38(1):51-60.
 AMAIS R S,AMARAL C D B,FIALHO L L,et al. Determination of P,S and Si in biodiesel,diesel and lubricating oil using ICP-MS/MS[J]. Analytical Methods,2014,6(13):4516-4520.
 AMAIS R S,LONG S E,NÓBREGA J A,et al. Determination of trace sulfur in biodiesel and diesel standard reference materials by isotope dilution sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta,2014,806:91-96.
 WANG Z C,BECKER H,WOMBACHER F. Mass fractions of S,Cu,Se,Mo,Ag,Cd,In,Te,Ba,Sm,W,Tl and Bi in geological reference materials and selected carbonaceous chondrites determined by isotope dilution ICP‐MS[J]. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research,2015,39(2):185-208.
 WADA A,NONOSE N,OHATA M,et al. Determination of ultra-trace sulfur in high-purity metals by isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry combined with chemical separation procedure[J]. Talanta,2018,189:289-295.
 LU C W,HUNG H Y,SUNG H C,et al. Total sulfur determination in petroleum fuels for routine quality control by sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after dilution treatment[J]. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry,2019,34(3):570-576.
 QIU X Y,SHANG Q,HE T,et al. Rapid determination of sulfur in sixty geological reference materials by high resolution inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry[J]. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research,2022,46(4):837-849.
8-16
和辉光放电质谱法(GDMS)等。ICP-OES和离子色谱法的检出限较高,一般在20 μg/g以上,难以满足高纯铜中痕量S元素含量的测定。元素分析仪和GDMS检出限最低,甚至能达到0.1 μg/g,但这两种仪器分析速度较慢,不利于大批量样品的快速分析。

ICP-MS具有分析速度快、检测范围宽等优势,是实验室常见的微痕量元素分析仪器  LIU T,HE T,SHI Q H,et al. Rapid determination of boron in 61 soil,sediment,and rock reference materials by ICP-MS[J]. Atomic Spectroscopy,2019,40(2):55-62.
 李嘉威,宗克清,何琦,等. 模拟月壤样品主微量元素的ICP-MS准确测试[J]. 南京大学学报(自然科学),2021,57(6):944-956.
 曾衍强,沈广鑫. ICP质谱法测定阴极铜中9种杂质元素含量[J]. 江西化工,2020,36(5):163-166.
 王佳. 电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定镍-铬基高温合金中铝、钴、铁、锰4种元素含量[J]. 江西化工,2024,40(3):49-53.
17-20
。但通过常见的四极杆ICP-MS分析S元素含量时,由于严重的质谱干扰,检出限过高,难以测定微量及痕量的S元素含量  YANG C H,JIANG S J. Determination of B,Si,P and S in steels by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry with dynamic reaction cell[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part B:Atomic Spectroscopy,2004,59(9):1389-1394.
9
。例如,在铜化学分析国标GB/T 5121.28—2021《铜及铜合金化学分析方法 第28部分:铬、铁、锰、钴、镍、锌、砷、硒、银、镉、锡、锑、碲、铅和铋含量的测定 电感耦合等离子体质谱法》方法中,就没有采用ICP-MS来测定S元素含量。但通过电热蒸发进样可以减少与目标元素同时进入ICP的水分,在一定程度上能够降低O2+对S的质谱干扰,完成S元素含量的准确分析  YU L L,KELLY W R,FASSETT J D,et al. Determination of sulfur in fossil fuels by isotope dilution electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry,2001,16(2):140-145.
8
。随着ICP-MS仪器的进步,商业化的三重四极杆ICP-MS(即ICP-MS/MS)和扇形磁场ICP-MS(即SF-ICP-MS)已经屡见不鲜,并在国内外众多实验室得到应用。SF-ICP-MS采用扇形磁场质量分析器,可以达到很高的质量分辨率(mm),在中-高分辨率模式下能有效避免O原子对S原子的质谱干扰,准确测定样品中痕量的S元素含量  ERDMAN M E,LEE C A,YANG W B,et al. Sulfur concentration in geochemical reference materials by solution inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry[J]. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research,2014,38(1):51-60.
10
 AMAIS R S,LONG S E,NÓBREGA J A,et al. Determination of trace sulfur in biodiesel and diesel standard reference materials by isotope dilution sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta,2014,806:91-96.
12
 WADA A,NONOSE N,OHATA M,et al. Determination of ultra-trace sulfur in high-purity metals by isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry combined with chemical separation procedure[J]. Talanta,2018,189:289-295.
 LU C W,HUNG H Y,SUNG H C,et al. Total sulfur determination in petroleum fuels for routine quality control by sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after dilution treatment[J]. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry,2019,34(3):570-576.
 QIU X Y,SHANG Q,HE T,et al. Rapid determination of sulfur in sixty geological reference materials by high resolution inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry[J]. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research,2022,46(4):837-849.
14-16
。不同于SF-ICP-MS,ICP-MS/MS在两套四极杆质量分析器中间增加了一个四极杆或八极杆碰撞反应池,通过碰撞反应池技术可以有效降低质谱干扰  RAN K. Simultaneous determination of total carbon,nitrogen,hydrogen and sulfur in twenty‐seven geological reference materials by elemental analyser[J]. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research,2009,33(2):271-283.
2
 YANG C H,JIANG S J. Determination of B,Si,P and S in steels by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry with dynamic reaction cell[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part B:Atomic Spectroscopy,2004,59(9):1389-1394.
9
 AMAIS R S,AMARAL C D B,FIALHO L L,et al. Determination of P,S and Si in biodiesel,diesel and lubricating oil using ICP-MS/MS[J]. Analytical Methods,2014,6(13):4516-4520.
11
。早在2004年,有研究已经证明在ICP-MS/MS中引入氧气作为反应气可以有效降低S元素面临的质谱干扰  YANG C H,JIANG S J. Determination of B,Si,P and S in steels by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry with dynamic reaction cell[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part B:Atomic Spectroscopy,2004,59(9):1389-1394.
9
。例如,通过ICP-MS/MS的氧气反应-质量转移模式准确测定了原油中的S含量  AMAIS R S,AMARAL C D B,FIALHO L L,et al. Determination of P,S and Si in biodiesel,diesel and lubricating oil using ICP-MS/MS[J]. Analytical Methods,2014,6(13):4516-4520.
11

目前,ICP-MS/MS测定高纯金属物质中的S元素含量的分析实例尚未见报道。本研究建立了ICP-MS/MS精确测定纯铜中痕量S含量的方法。通过对比ICP-MS/MS在四种检测模式下3种S同位素的信噪比,确认了氧气反应-质量转移模式的可行性,评价了ICP-MS/MS测试S元素含量的仪器和方法检出限,测试了两个纯铜标准样品的S元素含量,确认了本方法的可靠性和实用性。

1     实验

1.1     仪器、样品及试剂

本研究的全部实验在江西铜业技术研究院有限公司分析测试中心超净ICP-MS实验室完成。电感耦合等离子体质谱仪为PerkinElmer NexION 5000G ICP-MS(珀金埃尔默,美国),具体的仪器运行参数见表1。ICP-MS采用同心雾化器和旋流雾室作为进样系统。通入碰撞反应池的氧气流速不宜过大,在本研究中设定为1.0 mL/min。为了更好地评价ICP-MS/MS测定S含量时的质谱干扰消除情况,本研究选择同时测定S的3种同位素,即32S,33S和34S。

表1     NexION 5000G ICP-MS/MS运行参数
Table 1     Running parameters of NexION 5000G ICP-MS/MS
仪器参数 运行条件
射频电源功率/W 1600
等离子体气流/(L/min) 16
辅助气气流/(L/min) 1.2
载气气流/(L/min) 0.97
重复测定次数/次 3
信号积分时间/ms 1000
扫描模式 跳峰
池气体 O2
池气体流速/(mL/min) 1.0
雾化器 同心雾化器
雾室 旋流雾室
采样锥孔径/mm 1.1
截取锥孔径/mm 0.9
测试同位素 32S,33S,34S

所用高纯铜为经中频感应电炉熔炼的阴极铜光谱与化学标准样品,由于该系列标准物质尚无国标号,因此本文给定编号为GSB2021-3和GSB2021-4。实验用水为Milli-Q纯水机产出的超纯水,电阻率为18.2 MΩ·cm,有机碳含量低于5 μg/L。本实验使用的浓硝酸经滨正红亚沸蒸馏器蒸馏一次,蒸馏温度设定为90 ℃。硫元素标准溶液购自钢研纳克,通过2% HNO3(m/m)逐级稀释为1,10,20,50和100 μg/L,备用。

1.2     分析流程

准确称取约100 mg纯铜样品,加入15 mL聚四氟乙烯(PFA)消解杯中。加入2 mL浓硝酸,将消解杯置于120 ℃电热板上加热30 min,然后加入5 mL超纯水,再加热10 min。取下消解杯,稍冷后将样品溶液转移入100 mL的容量瓶中,定容待测。按照相同流程制备空白溶液。100 mg固体样品最终溶解后定容在100 mL溶液中,相当于稀释了1000倍。

2     结果与讨论

2.1     质谱干扰

通过ICP-MS测定S元素含量时,存在明显的质谱干扰  YANG C H,JIANG S J. Determination of B,Si,P and S in steels by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry with dynamic reaction cell[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part B:Atomic Spectroscopy,2004,59(9):1389-1394.
9
 QIU X Y,SHANG Q,HE T,et al. Rapid determination of sulfur in sixty geological reference materials by high resolution inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry[J]. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research,2022,46(4):837-849.
16
。本研究采用ICP-MS/MS在四种模式下测试了100 μg/L S元素溶液,获得的信噪比结果如图1所示。标准模式相当于常规的四极杆ICP-MS,其信噪比接近于1(见图1)。在碰撞反应池中引入氦气后,S元素的信噪比几乎不变(图1)。这些结果说明了在四极杆ICP-MS中S元素的质谱干扰的确十分严重,只带有碰撞池的四极杆ICP-MS难以测试低含量的S元素。

图1     ICP-MS/MS不同模式下测试3种S同位素的信噪比
Fig. 1     Signal-to-noise ratio of three S isotopes measured by ICP-MS/MS in different modes

NexION 5000G ICP-MS/MS配备有碰撞反应池,可以引入O2,NH3,H2等作为反应气体。如图1,在碰撞反应池中引入少量O2后,在质量转移(MS-Shift)模式下测试与S元素对应的SO+,获得的信噪比显著提高。这是因为大量的S离子和所引入碰撞反应池的O2反应形成了SO+,从而避开了原先O2+的质谱干扰  YANG C H,JIANG S J. Determination of B,Si,P and S in steels by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry with dynamic reaction cell[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part B:Atomic Spectroscopy,2004,59(9):1389-1394.
9
。另外,氧气反应-质量转移模式灵敏度显著高于氧气反应-原位模式的表现,说明在碰撞反应池中,引入少量O2时,S离子倾向于与O离子结合形成SO+,而干扰S离子的未知离子(最可能是O2+)很难与O离子结合。因此,推荐ICP-MS/MS在氧气反应-质量转移模式下测定S含量。应该注意到,在氧气反应-质量转移模式下,33S获得的信噪比明显低于32S和34S获得的信噪比。

2.2     标准曲线

在氧气反应-质量转移模式下,通过ICP-MS/MS测试了浓度为1~100 μg/L的5个S元素标准溶液,得到了32S,33S和34S的典型标准曲线,见图2。由图2可知,测试32S,33S和34S得到的标准曲线的相关系数(R2)皆大于0.999,能够满足定量分析的要求。同时,所测试的S元素标准溶液的最低浓度为1 μg/L,从图2中可见皆高于仪器背景(零点),这佐证了在该模式下ICP-MS/MS可以测定溶液样品中极低的S含量。观察图2中不同S同位素标准曲线的斜率,可见33S的斜率是最小的[约为96 cps/(μg/L)],即灵敏度最低,这与33S丰度最小相关。灵敏度最高的则是32S同位素。

图2     ICP-MS/MS测试(a)32S,(b)33S和(c)34S的标准曲线
Fig. 2     Standard curves of (a) 32S,(b) 33S and (c) 34S obtained by ICP-MS/MS

2.3     仪器和方法检出限

在ICP-MS/MS的氧气反应-质量转移模式下,测定了11次流程空白,采用11次流程空白信号值的3倍标准偏差(SD)除以所建立标准曲线的斜率,得到了ICP-MS/MS分析溶液的仪器检出限(表2)。然后再乘以样品稀释因子(1000),得到了ICP-MS/MS分析固体样品的方法检出限(表2)。通过33S测试得到的检出限明显高于32S和34S,这是因为33S的丰度、灵敏度和信噪比相较于32S和34S较低。因此,本研究推荐采用32S和34S同位素测定样品的S元素含量。按照本方法,测试32S和34S同位素得到的方法检出限分别为1.2和1.1 μg/g,低于5N高纯铜要求的2 μg/g,故本方法能够满足3N~5N纯铜及高纯铜产品的分析检测要求。为了验证本方法的分析极限,检测了1.5 μg/L的S元素标准溶液,32S和34S测试结果的平均值为1.5 μg/L,RSD(n=3)在8%~17%之间,测试结果与理论值在误差范围内一致。

表2     仪器和方法检出限
Table 2     Instrument detection limit and method detection limit (μg/g)
测试同位素 仪器检出限 方法检出限
32S 1.2 1.2
33S 2.2 2.2
34S 1.1 1.1

2.4     样品分析

采用本方法测试了GSB2021-3和GSB2021-4两个纯铜标准样品,结果见表3。在误差范围内,通过32S,33S和34S测定的S含量皆与推荐值相当,确认了本方法的可靠性。显然,通过33S测定结果的RSD明显较大,这与33S同位素丰度小、灵敏度低导致所测试的信号强度低有关。通过测试32S和34S获得的精密度(RSD,n=3)优于2.0%,可以满足痕量S元素的定量分析需求。

表3     样品分析结果
Table 3     Sample analysis results
样品编号 测试32S 测试33S 测试34S 推荐值
平均值/(μg/g) RSD/% 平均值/(μg/g) RSD/% 平均值/(μg/g) RSD/% 平均值/(μg/g) 2σ(μg/g)
GSB2021-3 13.1 0.5 14.1 4.5 12.1 1.6 12 2
GSB2021-4 22.6 0.7 22.2 2.4 21.7 2.0 22 3

本研究最终推荐ICP-MS/MS采用32S和34S同位素进行测试。由于本方法可以同时测定多个S同位素,理论上由不同同位素测试得到的S含量结果应该相当(见表3)。因此,在面临未知的复杂基体样品时,或许存在未知干扰,可以通过对比不同S同位素的测试结果来筛选出更可靠的样品分析结果。

3     结论

本文建立了一种可快速精确测定纯铜中痕量S元素含量的ICP-MS/MS方法。通过优化质谱仪检测模式,确认了在氧气反应-质量转移模式下S元素的信噪比最高,可以有效避免S元素面临的质谱干扰。对比3种S同位素的测试结果,确认了通过32S和34S同位素获得的检出限最低、精密度最高。测试纯铜样品时,获得的方法检出限优于1.2 μg/g,精密度优于2.0%。测试2个纯铜标准样品获得的结果与推荐值一致,确认了本方法的可靠性和可行性。

本研究虽然仅证明了ICP-MS/MS可以测试纯铜中的痕量S元素含量,但若采用合适的溶样方法,ICP-MS/MS有望应用于更多的液体、高纯物质和地矿样品中的微-痕量S元素浓度的准确测试。另外,本方法证明了ICP-MS/MS可以同时测试S元素的3种同位素,这说明ICP-MS/MS也有望用于样品中S同位素比值的测试。

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