Effects of Thermo-mechanical Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of C19210 Alloy
Citations
Li Xinyang,Zhang Mengfei,Zhao Yuhong,Gu Tao,Jing Jie,Lan Jiaqi,Su Peng,Huang Jialiang. Effects of thermo-mechanical treatment on microstructure and properties of C19210 alloy[J]. Copper Engineering,2026(3):59-66.
图1 C19210合金板带加工示意图
图2 C19210合金经900 ℃×2 h固溶处理:(a)金相组织;(b)XRD图
图3 C19210合金经一次冷轧+一次时效处理:(a)硬度;(b)电导率
图4 C19210合金经过不同时效处理的微观组织:(a)欠时效;(b)峰时效;(c)过时效
图5 C19210合金经二次时效后:(a)硬度;(b)电导率
图6 C19210合金二次时效(a)析出相形貌与元素(b)Cu、(c) Fe、(d) P分布结果
图7 C19210合金经二次时效处理后的应力-应变曲线
图8 C19210合金经二次时效处理后的断口SEM图
图9 Cu-Fe-P系合金性能对比
表1 C19210合金成分
铜业工程 第3期 59-66
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-3842.2026.03.007
材料制备与加工工程(Material Preparation and Process Engineering)
1.School of Materials Science and Engineering,North University of China,Taiyuan030051,China
2.Taiyuan Jinxi Chunlei Copper Company Limited,Taiyuan030008,China
3.Yuncheng Kangdao Metal Technology Company Limited,Hejin043399,China
Citations
Li Xinyang,Zhang Mengfei,Zhao Yuhong,Gu Tao,Jing Jie,Lan Jiaqi,Su Peng,Huang Jialiang. Effects of thermo-mechanical treatment on microstructure and properties of C19210 alloy[J]. Copper Engineering,2026(3):59-66.
Abstract
C19210 is one of the Cu-Fe-P alloys extensively employed in the electronics industry. In order to enhance strength and electrical conductivity of the alloy, thermo-mechanical treatment was applied. In this work, the influences of deformation heat treatment on the mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, and microstructure of C19210 were investigated. Results showed that the optimal properties, including a Vickers hardness of 134HV, tensile strength of 445 MPa, electrical conductivity of 88.4%IACS, and elongation of 16.3%, can be achieved through an optimized combinatorial process: solution treatment at 900 ℃ for 120 min, primary cold rolling (80% reduction) with aging at 450 ℃ for 240 min, followed by secondary cold rolling (50% reduction) and aging at 450 ℃ for 60 min. Microstructural observations revealed that combined effects of precipitation strengthening from dispersed precipitates and grain refinement from fine recrystallized grains contributed to the improvement of strength and electrical conductivity. These findings provided a theoretical and practical foundation for optimizing the performance and engineering application of Cu-Fe-P alloys.
C19210合金是一种低铁含量的Cu-Fe-P合金,常作为电路引线框架、电连接器等关键部件的优选材料[ Lu D P,Wang J,Zeng W J,et al. Study on high-strength and high-conductivity Cu-Fe-P alloys [J]. Materials Science and Engineering:A,2006,421(1/2):254-259. 李周,肖柱,姜雁斌,等. 高强导电铜合金的成分设计、相变与制备[J]. 中国有色金属学报,2019,29(9): 2009-2049. 1-2]。Cu-Fe-P合金经固溶处理后,在时效过程中,Fe和P元素会形成Fe3P、Fe2P等强化相,能有效钉扎位错,提升合金的强度与硬度。此外,由于这些析出相对电子迁移的散射作用较小,使得合金在具备高强度的同时,还具有良好的电导率[ 姜业欣,娄花芬,解浩峰,等. 先进铜合金材料发展现状与展望[J]. 中国工程科学,2020,22(5):84-92. Hughes J,Toyama T,Gorley M,et al. Full-stage precipitation during aging of Cu-0.55Cr-0.07Zr alloy for high heat flux fusion reactor technology [J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology,2022,20:801-810. Goto M,Yamamoto T,Choi E A,et al. Physical background of significant increase in mechanical properties and fatigue strength of groove-rolled Cu-Ni-Si alloy with discontinuous precipitates [J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2023,947:169569. Li J,Huang g J,Mi X J,et al. Microstructure evolution and properties of a quaternary Cu-Ni-Co-Si alloy with high strength and conductivity [J]. Materials Science and Engineering:A,2019,766:138390. Yang K,Wang Y H,Guo M X,et al. Recent development of advanced precipitation-strengthened Cu alloys with high strength and conductivity:a review [J]. Progress in Materials Science,2023,138:101141. Gorsse S,Ouvrard B,Gouné M,et al. Microstructural design of new high conductivity-high strength Cu-based alloy [J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2015,633:42-47. 3-8]。形变热处理(冷轧+时效)是调控铜合金微观结构与性能的关键手段,对Cu-Fe-P系合金综合的性能提升有显著效果。冷轧可有效细化晶粒并增加位错密度,为强化相的析出提供充足形核位点;随后的时效处理可促使纳米级析出相均匀分布,提高合金强度和电导率。曹兴民等[ 曹兴民,向朝建,杨春秀,等.一种新型Cu-Fe-P系合金材料的组织性能分析[J].稀有金属材料与工程,2007(增刊3):527-529. 9]研究了Cu-2.3Fe-0.03P-0.1Zn-Mg-Cr-Re合金在形变热处理过程中的组织变化及工艺参数对性能的影响,发现冷轧变形配合“高温+低温”分级时效能够促进纳米级析出相形成,提高合金的强度和导电性能。郑济森等[ 郑济森,张峻嘉,唐天轶,等.形变热处理工艺对Cu-Fe-P合金组织与性能的影响[J].材料与冶金学报,2023,22(5):489-494. 10]发现双级形变时效热处理更能促进强化相的析出,提升合金的综合性能。Zhang等[ Zhang C Z,Xiao X,Yang W D,et al. Microstructural evolution and properties of a Cu-Fe-Mn-P alloys with high strength and high conductivity[J].Materials Today Communications,2024,39:108611. 11]通过调控形变热处理的时效温度和时间,获得了均匀弥散分布的纳米级析出相,大幅度提高了Cu-3.19Fe-0.024P-0.077Zn合金的强度与电导率。Cui等[ Cui J G,Zhou R,Yang W D,et al. The microstructure and precipitation analysis of the Cu-Ni-Fe-P alloy with high property [J]. Materials Science and Engineering:A,2025,934:148309. 12]在Cu-Ni-Fe-P合金研究报道中指出,经过形变热处理后,可获得弥散分布的纳米级(Ni,Fe)2P析出相,使合金具有69.1%IACS电导率和658.7 MPa拉伸强度的综合性能。
Fig. 2 (a) Optical microstructure and (b) XRD result of C19210 alloy after solution treatment at 900 °C for 2 h
2.2 多级形变热处理对合金组织与性能的影响
2.2.1 一次冷轧与时效处理对硬度和电导率的影响
图3(a)为C19210试样经过一次冷轧与一次时效后的硬度曲线,合金硬度呈现先升高,随后缓慢下降的变化规律。这主要归因于时效过程中,发生了冷轧变形回复与再结晶过程,导致位错密度降低,从而削弱了位错强化作用。同时,文献[ Kirekawa N,Sato Y,Okamoto M,et al.ffect of cold rolling on cluster(1) dissolvability during artificial aging and formability during natural aging in Al-0.6Mg-1.0Si-0.5Cu alloy[J]. Journal of Materials Science,2021,57(6):2345–2356. 13]证明,该阶段合金的性能提升主要源于第二相析出强化与再结晶导致的细晶强化的协同作用,二者的综合作用使得合金硬度达到峰值。随着时效时间延长,合金进入过时效,该阶段会发生晶粒长大以及析出相粗化现象,导致强化效果减弱,硬度下降。在450、500和550 ℃条件下,合金硬度分别在10、10和5 min时达到峰值,对应的硬度分别为153HV、149HV和141HV。随着时效温度升高,达到峰值硬度的时间缩短。这主要是由于较高的温度增强了溶质元素的扩散能力,促进了溶质元素的析出,从而在较短时间内形成大量析出相,起到强化效果[ 戴姣燕,尹志民,娄花芬,等.形变热处理对Cu-0.1Fe-0.03P合金组织与性能的影响[J].稀有金属,2007(3):289-292. 14]。图3(b)展示了C19210合金时效后的电导率变化规律。可以看出,在各温度条件下,电导率均在初始阶段(0~1 h)迅速提高,随后进入相对稳定区间。最终在400、450和500 ℃下,电导率分别稳定在84.9%、82.4%和81.9%IACS。相关研究报道表明,Cu合金的电阻率与固溶在基体中的元素含量密切相关,其关系如公式(1)所示
式(1)
式中:ρ是固溶在基体中的元素含量,ε是Cu基体中单位溶质元素电阻率,c是Cu基体溶质浓度。
图3 C19210合金经一次冷轧+一次时效处理:(a)硬度;(b)电导率
Fig. 3 (a) Hardness and (b) conductivity of C19210 alloy after primary cold rolling and primary aging treatment
Fig. 4 Microstructures of C19210 alloy after different aging treatments:(a) Under-aged;(b) Peak-aged;(c) Over-aged
2.2.3 二次冷轧及二次时效处理对硬度和电导率的影响
图5(a)表明,二次冷轧显著提高了C19210合金的初始硬度,主要原因是变形带增多引发位错塞积和加工硬化。在硬度测量过程中,每个数据点均取自至少5个随机位置,在相同测试条件下进行测量,并计算平均值及标准偏差。0~5 min内,位错在高温下发生回溶和再结晶启动,导致硬度快速下降[ Yang J Z,Bu K,Zhou Y J,et al.Microstructure,residual stress,and mechanical properties evolution of a Cu-Fe-P alloy under different conditions[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology,2023,24:7896-7909. 18];之后在10 min(141HV)与30 min(136HV)硬度达到峰值;随后因晶粒粗化和析出相聚集进入过时效阶段,硬度降低[ 张真,陆冰沪,夏承东,等.时效状态对Cu-Cr-Zr系合金性能的影响[J].有色金属材料与工程,2017,38(2):67-72. 19]。如图5(b)所示,电导率随二次时效时间延长,表现出上升趋势。根据文献[ Dong Q Y,Shen L N,Cao F,et al.Effect of thermomechanical processing on the microstructure and properties of a Cu-Fe-P alloy[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,2015,24(4):1531-1539. 20]可知,随着固溶原子的析出,基体中溶质浓度下降,电子散射减弱,电导率提升。一次时效状态显著影响电导率提升幅度:欠时效态(450 ℃×3 min)样品初始电导率最低(58.2%IACS),二次时效后升至约86.4%IACS;峰时效态(450 ℃×10 min)样品初期电导率较高,5 min内升至71.9%IACS后趋稳;过时效态(450 ℃×240 min)样品初始电导率最高(88.4%IACS)且基本保持不变,表明溶质原子已充分析出,二次时效对导电性能影响有限。综上所述,一次时效过时效处理+450 ℃×60 min的工艺实现了硬度与电导率的较优匹配。
图5 C19210合金经二次时效后:(a)硬度;(b)电导率
Fig. 5 (a) Hardness and (b) conductivity of C19210 alloy after secondary aging treatment
Fig. 6 SEM microstructure and elemental distribution of precipitates in C19210 alloy after secondary aging treatment:(a) Precipitate morphology;(b) Cu;(c) Fe;(d) P
2.2.5 二次冷轧及二次时效合金力学性能影响
图7为在三种一次时效状态(450 ℃×3 min,450 ℃×10 min,450 ℃×240 min)下,C19210经450 ℃×60 min二次时效后的工程应力-应变曲线。从实验数据来看:450 ℃×240 min+450 ℃×60 min样品的综合性能最优,其抗拉强度峰值可达445 MPa,伸长率为16.3%,表现出优异的强塑性匹配;450 ℃×3 min+450 ℃×60 min(黑线)样品的强度略低(约390 MPa),且塑性有所下降;相比之下,450 ℃×10 min+450 ℃×60 min样品的强度最低(约350 MPa),塑性有所改善。在二次时效过程中,再结晶形成的细小晶粒结构发挥了至关重要的作用。由于晶粒细化,材料的晶界密度增高,有效抑制了晶粒长大,发生细晶强化,从而进一步增强了材料的强度;同时,细小的晶粒不仅提高了合金的硬度,还对延展性产生了积极影响,使其具有较高的强度和良好的塑性[ Xiao X P,Xu H,Chen J S,et al. Aging properties and precipitates analysis of Cu-2.3Fe-0.03P alloy by thermomechanical treatments [J]. Materials Research Express,2017,4(11):116511. 王东锋,康布熙,田保红,等.时效处理对Cu-Fe-P合金硬度和导电率的影响[J].洛阳工学院学报,2002(3):10-12. 23-24]。
图7 C19210合金经二次时效处理后的应力-应变曲线
Fig. 7 Stress-strain curves of C19210 alloy after secondary aging treatment
HughesJ,ToyamaT,GorleyM,et al. Full-stage precipitation during aging of Cu-0.55Cr-0.07Zr alloy for high heat flux fusion reactor technology [J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology,2022,20:801-810.
[5]
GotoM,YamamotoT,ChoiE A,et al. Physical background of significant increase in mechanical properties and fatigue strength of groove-rolled Cu-Ni-Si alloy with discontinuous precipitates [J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2023,947:169569.
[6]
LiJ,Huangg J,MiX J,et al. Microstructure evolution and properties of a quaternary Cu-Ni-Co-Si alloy with high strength and conductivity [J]. Materials Science and Engineering:A,2019,766:138390.
[7]
YangK,WangY H,GuoM X,et al. Recent development of advanced precipitation-strengthened Cu alloys with high strength and conductivity:a review [J]. Progress in Materials Science,2023,138:101141.
[8]
GorsseS,OuvrardB,GounéM,et al. Microstructural design of new high conductivity-high strength Cu-based alloy [J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2015,633:42-47.
ZhangC Z,XiaoX,YangW D,et al. Microstructural evolution and properties of a Cu-Fe-Mn-P alloys with high strength and high conductivity[J].Materials Today Communications,2024,39:108611.
[12]
CuiJ G,ZhouR,YangW D,et al. The microstructure and precipitation analysis of the Cu-Ni-Fe-P alloy with high property [J]. Materials Science and Engineering:A,2025,934:148309.
[13]
KirekawaN,SatoY,OkamotoM,et al.ffect of cold rolling on cluster(1) dissolvability during artificial aging and formability during natural aging in Al-0.6Mg-1.0Si-0.5Cu alloy[J]. Journal of Materials Science,2021,57(6):2345–2356.
YangJ Z,BuK,ZhouY J,et al.Microstructure,residual stress,and mechanical properties evolution of a Cu-Fe-P alloy under different conditions[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology,2023,24:7896-7909.
DongQ Y,ShenL N,CaoF,et al.Effect of thermomechanical processing on the microstructure and properties of a Cu-Fe-P alloy[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,2015,24(4):1531-1539.
XiaoX P,XuH,ChenJ S,et al. Aging properties and precipitates analysis of Cu-2.3Fe-0.03P alloy by thermomechanical treatments [J]. Materials Research Express,2017,4(11):116511.