Technology Development for Efficient Recovery of Copper and Iron from Copper Smelting Slag
Citations
Gao Yunchuan,Ma Shilin,Fu Haitao,Li Xiang,Song Qiang,Tong Xiong,Xie Xian,Zhang Wenjie. Technology development for efficient recovery of copper and iron from copper smelting slag[J]. Copper Engineering,2026(3):1-13.
1.Yunnan Hualian Zinc and Indium Co.,Ltd.,Wenshan663701,China
2.Yunnan Tin & Indium Laboratory Co.,Ltd.,Kunming650200,China
3.Faculty of Land and Resources Engineering,Kunming University of Science and Technology,Kunming650031,China
4.Kunming Metallurgical Research Institute Co.,Ltd.,Kunming650021,China
Citations
Gao Yunchuan,Ma Shilin,Fu Haitao,Li Xiang,Song Qiang,Tong Xiong,Xie Xian,Zhang Wenjie. Technology development for efficient recovery of copper and iron from copper smelting slag[J]. Copper Engineering,2026(3):1-13.
Abstract
Copper smelting slag, the primary solid waste generated from pyrometallurgical copper production, is rich in valuable metals such as Cu (0.5%~4.6%) and Fe (30%~49%), making it a significant secondary resource for recovery. However, over 80% of the global copper slag is still disposed of by stockpiling, which not only occupies land resources but also poses environmental threats due to the migration and release of toxic elements like Pb and As. Efficient recovery of copper and iron from copper slag is therefore of great significance for ensuring resource security and promoting the green transformation of the nonferrous metals industry. This paper systematically reviewed physicochemical properties and mineralogical characteristics of copper smelting slag, and provided an in-depth analysis of technical principles and research status of various processes, including flotation, pyrometallurgy (reducing roasting-magnetic separation, smelting reduction, oxidizing roasting-magnetic separation), hydrometallurgy (chemical leaching, bioleaching), and combined processes. Current technologies still face common challenges such as low copper-iron separation efficiency, low iron recovery rate, and difficulties in the full-component utilization of secondary slag. On this basis, future research is prospected to focus on the synergistic extraction mechanisms of copper and iron, low-carbon intensification technologies, and stepwise utilization of full components, aiming to provide theoretical support for resources utilization, detoxification, and high-value utilization of copper smelting slag.
铜是现代工业不可或缺的重要有色金属。全球超过80%的铜产品来源于硫化铜精矿经火法冶炼产业,这种炼铜方式会伴生大量铜冶炼渣,每生产1 t精炼铜约伴生2~3 t铜渣[ 王春晖,任龙,毛永新,等. 全球铜矿资源分布现状及勘查投入分析 [J]. 中国矿业,2023,32(增刊2):1-6. Deblonde G J,Chagnes A,Cote G. Recent advances in the chemistry of hydrometallurgical methods [J]. Separation & Purification Reviews,2023,52(3):221-241. 董越,李晓霞. 国内铜火法冶炼技术现状及展望 [J]. 现代工业经济和信息化,2023,13(5):283-286,289. 1-3]。铜渣中Cu和Fe含量分别超过我国低品位铜矿石和铁矿石的工业品位,堪称优质的二次资源。
目前,全球超过80%的铜渣仍采用直接堆存方式处置,不仅占用土地,还造成严重的环境威胁,铜渣中含有的Pb、As等有毒元素在自然风化下会迁移释放,污染水土[ Xu L,Tang J R. Identification and analysis of supply risks in China's copper resources [J]. Journal of Peking University (Natural Science Edition),2017,53(3):555-562. 姚春玲,刘振楠,滕瑜,等. 铜渣资源综合利用现状及展望 [J]. 矿冶,2019,28(2):77-81,96. 4-5]。对我国而言,Cu、Fe战略性资源对外依存度长期超过80%,资源安全形势严峻。在此背景下,实现铜冶炼渣中Cu、Fe的高效回收,既是资源安全保障的迫切需求,也是有色金属行业绿色转型的重要路径。为此,铜渣中有价金属的综合回收受到广泛关注,并取得了丰富的研究成果。但现有技术仍面临铜铁分离效率低、铁资源回收率不高、二次渣难以全组分利用等共性挑战。鉴于铜渣中Cu、Fe赋存于硫化铜、金属铜、铁橄榄石等复杂矿物相中,彼此紧密嵌布,单体解离困难等特点,实现铜铁高效分离与协同回收,仍是当前研究重点[ 薛超龙,李慧,梁精龙,等. 铜渣资源回收的研究现状及展望 [J]. 中国冶金,2022,32(2):108-114. 巩佳豪,潘建,赵靖,等. 铜渣尾矿制作加气混凝土的试验研究 [J]. 铁合金,2024,55(4):24-27,33. Korentz J,Juszczak R,Szmatuła F. Properties of concrete with the addition of copper slag aggregate [J]. Cement Wapno Beton,2020,25(5):367-375. 6-8]。
铜冶炼渣的成分受铜精矿原料成分、冶炼工艺差异等影响,根据冶炼设备不同将其分为转炉渣、电炉渣、闪速炉渣和鼓风炉渣等。当前,铜锍熔炼是主流工艺,可分为闪速熔炼和熔池熔炼(包括侧吹、顶吹、底吹)等炉型。据统计,我国铜闪速熔炼和熔池熔炼的产能占比分别约为40%和55%[ Banda W,Morgan N,Eksteen J J. The role of slag modifiers on the selective recovery of cobalt and copper from waste smelter slag [J]. Minerals Engineering,2002,15(11):899-907. 9]。由铜锍熔炼工序产出的炉渣,即本文讨论的铜冶炼渣,其成分因炉型而异,详见表1。而后续的铜锍吹炼工序产出的吹炼渣,因含铜量高(通常>5%),一般会返回铜锍熔炼工序进行再处理。目前,不同类型炉渣的成分以Cu、Fe3O4、SiO2、CaO和Al2O3等为主。在研究铜渣矿物组成时发现,铁橄榄石和铁钙铝硅酸盐合计占比超过80%,常见的铜硫化物包括黄铜矿、斑铜矿、铜蓝和辉铜矿等。
表1 不同炉渣的主要成分含量
Table 1 Main content of different slags (%, mass fraction)
炉渣名称
Cu
Fe3O4
SiO2
CaO
Al2O3
转炉渣
1.10~2.00
12~29
16~28
1~2
5~10
电炉渣
0.31~0.96
12~19
20~37
2~8
2~12
闪速炉渣
0.17~1.33
12~15
28~38
5~15
2~12
鼓风炉渣
0.35~2.42
3~10
31~39
6~19
2~12
经过火法熔炼产生的炉渣,按冷却方式可分为水淬渣和缓冷渣。冷却速率的差异对渣中金属晶体的形成具有明显影响[ 易光明. 铜炉渣选矿及提取方法综述 [J]. 科技创新与应用,2015,5(8):61. 王林松,高志勇,杨越,等. 铜渣综合回收利用研究进展 [J]. 化工进展,2021,40(10):5237-5250. 10-11]。急冷环境下,铜渣中会产生大量粒径小、连生严重的晶体颗粒,铜渣呈现球形、角状和针状玻璃态碎屑,如图1(a~c)所示。缓冷环境中,有足够时间生成以大颗粒、自形晶或半自形晶为主的晶体颗粒,产生的铜渣具有致密、坚硬和结晶度高的特点。从铜渣的截面形貌可以观察到,其中存在的Fe3O4主要呈浅灰色条状、针状或颗粒状,炉渣的主要成分是铁橄榄石(Fe2SiO4)和玻璃态硅酸盐,如图1(d~f)所示[ Zhang H B,Wang Y N,He Y Z,et al. Efficient and safe disposition of arsenic by incorporation in smelting slag through copper flash smelting process [J]. Minerals Engineering,2021,160:106661. 12]。
Fig. 1 SEM images of copper smelting slag:Morphology of (a) Outokumpu smelting slag,(b) reverberatory furnace slag,and (c) converter slag under rapid cooling;Cross-sectional morphology and composition of (d) copper smelting slag,(e) copperconcentrate slag,and (f) copper tailings slag
2 铜冶炼渣中回收铜和铁的工艺及原理
2.1 浮选工艺
浮选是利用矿物表面物理化学性质差异实现分离的过程。由于铜冶炼渣中各类矿物天然可浮性差异较小,需借助浮选药剂强化其表面性质差异,以实现高效分离。值得注意的是,铜锍熔炼渣中的铜主要以两种形式存在:一是以未沉降的铜锍或金属铜微粒形态存在的夹带铜,是浮选回收的主要对象;二是以Cu+、Cu2+等离子形态溶解于渣相中的化学损失,需通过电炉贫化法等火法工艺进行还原回收。常用的浮选药剂包括捕收剂(如黄药、黑药、乙硫氨酯)、起泡剂(松醇油、苯乙酯、甲基异丁基甲醇)、抑制剂(水玻璃、硫酸锌)、活化剂(硫酸铜、硫化钠)、pH调整剂(氢氧化钠、石灰、纯碱、硫酸)以及分散剂和絮凝剂等[ Zhang S H,Zhu N W,Mao F L,et al. A novel strategy for harmlessness and reduction of copper smelting slags by alkali disaggregation of fayalite (Fe2SiO4) coupling with acid leaching [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2021,402:123791. Bobadilla-Figueroa M,Rojas-Arias D,Torres D. Industrial practice of copper slag flotation at Codelco:a review of 30 years of operation [J]. Minerals Engineering,2021,170:107052. Gyurov S,Marinkov N,Kostova Y,et al. Technological scheme for copper slag processing [J]. International Journal of Mineral Processing,2017,158:1-7. 13-15]。
铜冶炼渣的浮选工艺通常包括破碎细磨、浮选(粗选、扫选、精选)和脱水等工序,最终获得铜精矿。其中捕收剂的性能对铜浮选回收影响显著。捕收剂的作用是选择性吸附在铜硫化物或金属铜的表面,增加矿物疏水性,增强矿粒与气泡的附着力,从而提高可浮性。Li等[ Li S W,Guo Z Q,Pan J,et al. Stepwise utilization process to recover valuable components from copper slag [J]. Minerals,2021,11(2):211. 16]分别采用丁基黄药和松醇油作捕收剂和起泡剂浮选回收铜冶炼渣中Cu,在最佳工艺条件下,获得品位为21.5%、回收率为77.78%的铜精矿。除了单一捕收剂外,组合捕收剂被广泛研究并应用于强化浮选性能。Roy等[ Roy S,Datta A,Rehani S. Flotation of copper sulphide from copper smelter slag using multiple collectors and their mixtures [J]. International Journal of Mineral Processing,2015,143:43-49. 17]对比了从铜冶炼渣中回收Cu时单一捕收剂和混合捕收剂的性能差异。结果如图2所示,可见混合捕收剂的回收率均高于单一捕收剂。使用40∶160(总用量为200 g/t)的异丙基黄原酸钠(SIPX)和二乙基二硫代磷酸盐(DIP)混合物作为捕收剂时,Cu回收率最高,为84.82%;160∶40(总用量为200 g/t)的SIPX和羟肟酸盐的混合物捕收剂也获得83.07%的较高回收率。
图2 不同比例捕收剂对铜品位和回收率的影响:(a)SIPX∶DTP;(b) SIPX∶羟肟酸盐
Fig. 2 Effects of different collector ratios on copper grade and recovery: (a) SIPX∶DTP; (b) SIPX∶Hydroxamate
研究表明,铜冶炼渣冷却方式的差异对铜浮选指标有显著影响,原因主要是:自然缓冷条件下,铜矿物相能够充分结晶并聚集长大,有利于后续磨矿过程中的单体解离,从而提高浮选回收率;相反,水淬急冷易形成非晶态结构,铜矿物以细粒树枝状或针状嵌布于渣中,即使细磨也难以实现有效解离,导致浮选回收困难[ Martins J M,Guimarães A S,Dutra A J B,et al. Hydrometallurgical separation of zinc and copper from waste brass ashes using solvent extraction with D2EHPA [J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology,2020,9(2):2319-2330. Chen A L,Peng Z W,Hwang J Y,et al. Recovery of silver and gold from copper anode slimes [J]. JOM,2015,67(2):493-502. Potysz A,Kierczak J. Prospective (bio)leaching of historical copper slags as an alternative to their disposal [J]. Minerals,2019,9(9):542. 18-20]。在此基础上,部分研究者尝试采用先缓冷后水淬的复合冷却方式,以期兼顾结晶效果与处理效率。此外,Shamsi等[ Shamsi M,Noaparast M,Shafaie S Z,et al. Synergism effect of collectors on copper recovery in flotation of copper smelting slags [J]. Geosystem Engineering,2016,19(2):57-68. 21]研究了磨矿时间对铜渣浮选过程中Cu回收率的影响。研究结果表明,虽然充分的研磨有助于铜矿物的解离,但过度的研磨会导致这些矿物的粉化和泥化,这对浮选过程不利。因此优化铜冶炼渣浮选粒度对提高作业指标至关重要。日立矿冶研究所炉渣选矿厂的铜冶炼渣选矿是生产实践的典型实例,该选矿厂处理的炉渣中,Cu和Fe品位分别为6.96%、42.42%,炉渣经输送冷却后,通过磁选-浮选联合工艺获得Cu品位为29.44%的铜精矿、Fe品位为46.93%的铁精矿,工艺流程如图3所示[ Zhou W T,Sun Y S,Han Y X,et al. Recycling iron from oolitic hematite via microwave fluidization roasting and magnetic separation [J]. Minerals Engineering,2021,164:106851. 22]。
图3 日立矿冶所铜渣浮选工艺流程
Fig. 3 Process flow of copper slag flotation in Hitachi Mining and Metallurgy Research Institute
还原焙烧是指在还原气氛中,将铜渣中的铁矿物转化为金属铁或磁性氧化物,再经磨矿和磁选,获得铁精矿,典型工艺流程如图4所示[ Zhou W T,Liu X,Lyu X J,et al. Extraction and separation of copper and iron from copper smelting slag:a review [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2022,368:133095. 23]。目前,碳热还原工艺已广泛应用于铜渣处理。根据还原剂的形态,可分为固相还原剂(如石墨、焦炭、无烟煤)和气相还原剂(如CO、H2、CH4、天然气)[ Starodub K,Kuminova Y,Dinsdale A,et al. Experimental investigation and modeling of copper smelting slags [J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B,2016,47(5):2904-2918. Merma A G,Torem M L,Morán J J V,et al. On the fundamental aspects of apatite and quartz flotation using a Gram positive strain as a bioreagent [J]. Minerals Engineering,2013,48:61-67. Qu G R,Wei Y G,Li B,et al. Distribution of copper and iron components with hydrogen reduction of copper slag [J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2020,824:153910. Sarfo P,Wyss G,Ma G J,et al. Carbothermal reduction of copper smelter slag for recycling into pig iron and glass [J]. Minerals Engineering,2017,107:8-19. 24-27]。
图4 火法冶炼处理铜冶炼渣工艺流程
Fig. 4 Process flow of pyrometallurgical treatment of copper smelting slag
从热力学角度分析,在Fe-O-C体系中,Fe的氧化物还原顺序为Fe2O3→Fe3O4→FeO→Fe,各反应的吉布斯自由能随温度升高而降低。根据Fe-O-C体系优势区图,当温度高于800 ℃时,CO/CO2体积比在0.5~2范围内,FeO可被还原为金属铁。Kim[ Kim G,Choi J,Silva R A,et al. Feasibility of bench-scale selective bioflotation of copper oxide minerals using Rhodococcus opacus [J]. Hydrometallurgy,2017,168:94-102. 28]等采用还原剂(石油焦)还原铜渣,在最佳工艺条件下,获得铁品位超过65%的磁性产品,Fe回收率达到87.03%。还原焙烧温度通常在1200~1400 ℃范围内,整体能耗较高,且铁橄榄石物相的还原回收效果较差。针对上述存在的问题,研究发现添加钙盐、钠盐和铁氧化物等,能降低还原焙烧温度,提升铜冶炼中Fe的回收率[ Fan Y,Shibata E,Iizuka A,et al. Crystallization behaviors of copper smelter slag studied using time-temperature-transformation diagram [J]. Materials Transactions,2014,55(6):958-963. 29]。Li等[ Li Z,Ma G J,Zhang X,et al. Characteristics and chemical speciation of waste copper slag [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2021,28(16):20012-20022. 30]以Na2CO3和CaO为添加剂用于铜冶炼渣还原,结合热力学计算发现,Na2CO3和CaO能与SiO2反应,促进铁橄榄石还原,生成游离FeO以及钠或钙的硅酸盐,同时能为CuSO4还原反应提供热力学驱动力,降低相关反应的自由能,促进更多金属铜的生成。在优化条件下,磁选精矿中Fe和Cu的品位分别为90.5%和1.2%,回收率分别达到94.3%和86.5%。此外,CaO能与铜冶炼渣中ZnS和PbS反应,不仅有助于通过烟气收集Zn和Pb或通过选择性浸出提取Zn和Pb,从而降低了尾矿中有害金属浓度,有利于环境保护[ Kurniati E O,Pederson F,Kim H J. Application of steel slags,ferronickel slags,and copper mining waste as construction materials:a review [J]. Resources,Conservation and Recycling,2023,198:107175. 31]。Zhao等[ Zhao B,Kong X Y,Sun Y S,et al. Novel metallic Fe recovery from copper smelting slag by the deep reduction method with renewable biochar reducing agent:phase transformation process and Fe particle growth optimization [J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection,2023,175:303-318. 32]利用FeS通过高温硫化-还原-挥发反应挥发渣中的As,在实验条件下,铜渣中As的挥发率达到80.9%。该研究结果为铜渣回收过程中的As污染控制提供了理论依据。
由于Cu和Fe在适当的温度和成分下具有良好的亲和力,作为还原产物的金属铜会溶解在金属铁中,导致Cu与还原出的Fe互溶,产生的Fe-Cu合金属于性能优良的耐磨合金[ Huang Y K,Wang D S,Liu H T,et al. Selective complexation leaching of copper from copper smelting slag with the alkaline glycine solution:an effective recovery method of copper from secondary resource [J]. Separation and Purification Technology,2023,326:124619. 33]。有研究通过调节铜冶炼中Cu和Fe的比例,控制还原剂添加量,制备铁基合金,以满足不同的工业应用需求,提升产品的价值[ Jiang P G,Liu J S,Xiao Y Y,et al. Recovery of iron from copper slag via modified roasting in CO-CO2 mixed gas and magnetic separation [J]. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International,2020,27:796-806. 34]。同时,以木炭、废食用油、细粒含碳废物等替代传统化石燃料还原剂,以及铜渣与混合矿石(如红土镍矿、锰矿)选择性共还原的研究已引起越来越多的关注[ Kaksonen A H,Särkijärvi S,Puhakka J A,et al. Chemical and bacterial leaching of metals from a smelter slag in acid solutions [J]. Hydrometallurgy,2016,159:46-53. 35]。这能有效缓解不可再生资源枯竭和生态环境日益恶化等问题带来的压力,符合当前全球绿色低碳背景。例如,利用废塑料、废旧轮胎、废橡胶等含碳固废热解制备复合还原剂。此类还原剂兼具碳和氢的还原特性,且原料成本低。研究显示,废旧轮胎热解炭还原铜渣时,Fe回收率可达88%。利用钢铁、化工等行业的副产煤气(如焦炉煤气、高炉煤气、转炉煤气)作为还原气,可实现以废治废。焦炉煤气(含H2 55%~60%,CH4 20%~25%)在铜渣还原中表现出优异的还原性能,Fe还原率可达92%,且成本较商用还原剂降低了30%~50%。
2.2.2 熔融还原
工艺流程如图5所示[ Hu X F,Mousa E,Ye G Z. Recovery of Co,Ni,Mn,and Li from Li-ion batteries by smelting reduction Part II:a pilot-scale demonstration [J]. Journal of Power Sources,2021,483:229089. 36]。铜冶炼渣经过细磨,与还原剂(焦炭和煤等)和添加剂(CaF2、CaO和Al2O3等)一并置入熔炼炉中,在1350~1550 ℃下,大部分Zn和Pb挥发进入烟气被收集,还原出的液态Fe和Cu会相互溶解,液态金属由于密度差异而与渣相分离。电弧炉高温还原过程中,铜冶炼渣中Zn、Pb等有价金属挥发进入烟气,Fe和Cu还原并富集为液态金属,实现与二次渣的分离。金属还原过程中的物相转变以及二次渣与液态金属之间的熔点和密度差异是铜渣熔融还原回收的关键因素。
图5 电弧炉处理铜冶炼渣的工艺流程及反应方程式
Fig. 5 Process flow and reaction equations of electric arc furnace smelting of copper slag
熔融还原工艺的效率通常受各种工艺条件的影响,包括原料中的碳含量,还原时间和温度,以及添加剂的类型和用量。Sarfo等[ Sarfo P,Das A,Wyss G,et al. Recovery of metal values from copper slag and reuse of residual secondary slag [J]. Waste Management,2017,70:272-281. 37]采用熔融还原工艺处理铜冶炼渣,在碳含量为12.5%、添加剂为10%、温度为1420 ℃的条件下充分反应75 min,金属回收率超过90%。Li等[ Li S W,Pan J,Zhu D Q,et al. A novel process to upgrade the copper slag by direct reduction-magnetic separation with the addition of Na2CO3 and CaO [J]. Powder Technology,2019,347:159-169. 38]探讨了熔池碱度、保温温度、保温时间和无烟煤添加量对熔融还原过程的影响,确定在最佳工艺条件下(炉渣碱度为1.4,保温温度为1575 ℃,反应时间为30 min,无烟煤与渣的质量比为1.2∶1),铁还原率可达到93.64%。众多研究成果证明,熔融还原工艺对于处理高硅高铁型铜冶炼渣以及含Cu、Zn、Pb的铜冶炼渣是有效的。同时,铜冶炼渣回收熔融还原工艺具有流程紧凑、回收效率高、污染小等优点,但能耗高、生产规模小的缺点限制了其工业化应用。Shi等[ Shi G C,Liao Y L,Su B W,et al. Kinetics of copper extraction from copper smelting slag by pressure oxidative leaching with sulfuric acid [J]. Separation and Purification Technology,2020,241:116699. 39]提出了一种在现有冶炼工厂下游处理炉渣的新方法,可利用炉渣的余热减少加热过程的经济损失。
近年来,研究者们致力于开发强化铜液滴沉降分离的技术,以进一步提高贫化效率、降低弃渣铜含量,主要包括:①电磁搅拌技术。通过施加外部电磁场增强熔池对流,促进细小铜液滴碰撞聚并,加速其沉降。②添加剂调控。如,添加CaO、Al2O3等调整渣的化学成分,降低熔渣黏度和表面张力,改善铜液滴的聚并行为与沉降动力学。③优化渣型。通过控制铁硅比(Fe/SiO2)和CaO含量,使渣相在贫化温度下处于低黏度、高流动性的区域,从而强化铜液滴的沉降分离[ Qu G R,Wei Y G,Li B,et al. Distribution of copper and iron components with hydrogen reduction of copper slag [J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2020,824:153910. 26]。
氧化焙烧-磁选工艺是指在特定温度和氧化气氛下,将铜冶炼渣中Fe(或Cu)的氧化物(或硫化物)转化为磁性铁矿物和Cu,然后通过细磨、重选和磁选将非磁性和磁性产品分离的过程。在氧化焙烧过程中,Fe2SiO4和FeS中的铁离子逐渐被氧化为Fe3O4,气相中的O2穿过气液边界层到达渣-气界面,将渣中的Fe2+氧化成高价态Fe3+。随着氧气继续扩散,Fe3+浓度增加并向渣内部扩散,同时渣中的Fe2+迁移到渣-气界面。SiO2在熔渣中达到饱和并从硅酸盐基质中析出,Fe2+、Fe3+和O2−将生成磁铁矿[ Gargul K. Ammonia leaching of slag from direct-to-blister copper smelting technology [J]. AIMS Materials Science,2020,7(5):565-580. Muravyov M I,Fomchenko N V. Leaching of nonferrous metals from copper converter slag with application of acidophilic microorganisms [J]. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology,2013,49(6):562-569. Panda S,Mishra S,Rao D S,et al. Extraction of copper from copper slag:mineralogical insights,physical beneficiation and bioleaching studies [J]. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering,2015,32(4):667-676. 40-42]。此外,铜锍中的Cu2S和FeS发生氧化反应生成金属铜的过程可降低硫分压。为了最大限度地生成磁铁矿和金属铜,反应中需控制氧化过程中氧分压和硫分压[ Piatak N M,Parsons M B,Seal R R II. Characteristics and environmental aspects of slag:a review [J]. Applied Geochemistry,2015,57:236-266. 43]。
高温氧化焙烧工艺可充分利用高温熔渣的反应活性,鼓入富氧空气或氧气鼓泡,强化渣中Fe元素的迁移和富集,促进Fe晶粒长大。Zhang等[ Zhang X L,Han Y X,Li Y J,et al. Strengthening the flotation recovery of silver using a special ceramic-medium stirred mill [J]. Powder Technology,2022,406:117585. 44]研究了高温氧化焙烧-磁选回收铜冶炼渣中的Fe。结果表明,在氧化温度为1380 ℃、氧化时间为6 min、氧气流量为7 L/min的条件下,铁橄榄石中的Fe富集到磁铁矿相中,Fe晶粒尺寸从20 μm增加到80 μm,经磁选后Fe品位和回收率分别为54%和90%的铁精矿。Huang等[ 黄自力,罗凡,李密,等. 从炼铜水淬渣中回收铁的试验研究 [J]. 矿产保护与利用,2009(3):51-54. 45]探讨了添加剂对高温氧化焙烧工艺回收铜冶炼渣中Fe的影响。试验结果表明,在氧化温度为1350 ℃、CaO/SiO2摩尔比为0.9、氧化时间为30 min、慢冷速率为5 K/min的条件下,铁橄榄石在慢冷过程中转变为磁铁矿,磁铁矿晶粒不断富集长大,经磁选后获得Fe品位为62.8%、回收率为69.8%的铁精矿。高温氧化焙烧工艺通过激发物料的反应活性,促进铁晶粒尺寸增大,实现铁矿物的分离富集。磁铁矿的持续生成会增加炉渣黏度,不利于氧传递和有价组分晶粒的生长,而有价组分晶粒的生长对于后续Fe和Cu的分离回收至关重要。为了提高氧化焙烧和回收的效率,有关学者开展了参数优化试验(包括氧化温度、氧分压、氧化时间、冷却速率和添加剂)。Fan等[ Fan Y,Shibata E,Iizuka A,et al. Crystallization behaviors of copper smelter slag studied using time-temperature-transformation diagram [J]. Materials Transactions,2014,55(6):958-963. 29]研究了时间-温度转换对铜渣结晶行为的影响。在试验条件下,通过鼓入空气,铜渣在920 ℃恒温下进行相转变,转变后物相的SEM分析如图6所示,与原始相相比,磁铁矿相显著长大,且磁铁矿相中未检测到Cu的存在。除高温氧化焙烧外,还能通过控制氧化气氛和浓度,在低温下实现铁橄榄石向磁铁矿的转变。Liao等[ 廖亚龙,叶冲,王毅,等. 铜渣资源化利用研究进展 [J]. 化工进展,2017,36(8):3066-3073. 46]根据铜冶炼渣的物相分析和铁橄榄石的氧化原理,提出了在铜冶炼渣中进行低温氧化改性的方法。结果表明,在氧化温度为800 ℃、反应时间为1 h、气体流量为100 mL/min的条件下,Fe3O4的物相占比达到43.39%。
图6 铜冶炼渣氧化焙烧前(a)后(b)的SEM分析
Fig. 6 SEM images of copper smelting slag (a) before and (b) after oxidizing roasting
化学浸出主要通过化学试剂溶解铜冶炼渣中的金属氧化物。常见的浸出剂包括无机酸(H2SO4、HCl和HNO3)、碱液(NaOH、NH3·H2O)[ Khalid M K,Hamuyuni J,Agarwal V,et al. Sulfuric acid leaching for capturing value from copper rich converter slag [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2019,215:1005-1013. 毛凯旋,李磊. 铝电解废阴极炭还原贫化转炉铜渣工艺 [J]. 有色金属工程,2020,10(10):65-72. 48-49]。对于无机酸浸出铜冶炼渣,公认的最佳浸出剂是H2SO4,该浸出剂具有来源广、浸出率高、成本低等优势。大量研究表明,铜渣中不同金属的浸出率与浸出剂用量、酸浓度、物料粒度、固液比、浸出温度、反应时间及供氧量等密切相关[ Wu Z J,Zhou J,Liang J L,et al. Comprehensive utilization of copper slag:an overview [J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering,2026,14(2):121209. 50]。较高的酸浓度和浸出剂用量,能提高金属的浸出率,但也会增加SiO2的溶解并产生硅胶,影响后续过滤等操作。
为了提升铜冶炼渣中金属的溶出率,降低反应酸度,通常在浸出反应中添加氧化剂(H2O2),促进浸出液中Fe2+向Fe3+转变,涉及的反应如式(1)和式(2)所示,最终形成FeOOH、Fe(OH)3沉淀。这不仅能有效减少硅胶的产生,还能将Fe选择性沉淀分离,便于后续其他有价金属的分离[ Rusen A,Geveci A,Topkaya Y A,et al. Effects of some additives on copper losses to matte smelting slag [J]. JOM,2016,68(9):2323-2331. 51]。
Wang等[ Wang J,Zhang Y Y,Yu L H,et al. Effective separation and recovery of valuable metals from waste Ni-based batteries:a comprehensive review [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2022,439:135767. 52]采用硫酸熟化-水浸工艺回收铜冶炼渣中Fe、Co、Cu等金属,结合E-pH分析,证实了在浸出液pH<3.5、电位>0.31 V(vs. SHE)的条件下,能够实现Fe、Co、Cu的溶出,再通过调节pH,选择性沉淀分离不同有价金属,最终回收率均超过90%。除此之外,提高反应温度、减小渣粒度也有利于强化浸出过程。Roy等[ Roy S,Datta A,Rehani S. Flotation of copper sulphide from copper smelter slag using multiple collectors and their mixtures [J]. International Journal of Mineral Processing,2015,143:43-49. 17]在铜渣硫酸浸出的研究中发现,随着反应温度升高,浸出速率加快,在最佳条件下,Cu的浸出率达到98%,反应活化能为53.38 kJ/mol。适当升高浸出反应温度、降低铜渣粒径,能增加颗粒与浸出液接触的表面积,改善浸出过程中反应物的扩散行为,加速浸出反应。
常温常压下化学浸出铜冶炼渣酸耗大,反应效率较低,易产生大量含酸废液,处理成本较高。在此基础上,有研究发现采用高温高压酸浸工艺,能显著提高浸出效率,减少酸的消耗。Anand等[ Anand S,Rao K S,Jena P K. Pressure leaching of copper converter slag using dilute sulphuric acid for the extraction of cobalt,nickel and copper values [J]. Hydrometallurgy,1983,10(3):305-312. 53]采用高温高压氧化酸浸工艺处理缓冷铜渣,在最佳浸出参数下,反应20 min后,Cu、Co和Ni的浸出率超过90%,Fe的浸出率仅为0.8%。这主要是由于在高温高压环境中,FeSO4氧化转变成Fe2(SO4)3,最终氧化成Fe2O3,同时释放出硫酸。高压设备整体投资成本和后续维护成本较高,限制了该工艺的广泛应用。除此之外,为了提升渣中金属的浸出效率,强化搅拌、超声波辅助等均是有效手段。Beşe等[ Beşe A V. Effect of ultrasound on the dissolution of copper from copper converter slag by acid leaching [J]. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry,2007,14(6):790-796. 54]研究了超声波对铜渣浸出过程中金属提取的影响,试验结果表明,在超声波辅助浸出条件下,Cu浸出率从80.41%提升至89.28%。
相较于酸浸,碱浸具有选择性好、腐蚀性低、杂质少等特点,引起了广泛的关注。碱液能有效破坏Fe-O-Si键,解构铁橄榄石结构,释放被包裹的有价金属,硅最终以Na2SiO4的形式进入液相中,涉及的反应见式(3)和式(4),涉及的反应机理如图7所示[ Zhang W Z,Duan Y K,Chi X P,et al. Extraction of Mn and Sr from electrolytic zinc slime using SO2-containing flue gas as reductant [J]. Separation and Purification Technology,2025,366:132787. 55]。
Fe2SiO4(s)+2NaOH(aq)=Na2FeSiO4(aq)+FeO(s)+H2O(l)
式(3)
Na2FeSiO4(aq)+2NaOH(aq)=Na4SiO4(aq)+FeO(s)+H2O(l)
式(4)
图7 碱液浸出铁橄榄石反应机理
Fig. 7 Reaction mechanism of fayalite leached by alkali solution
通过碱溶解破坏硅层以释放被包裹金属的工艺方法,为处理含有大量Fe2SiO4的冶炼渣提供了一种新思路。Gyurov等[ Gyurov S,Marinkov N,Kostova Y,et al. Technological scheme for copper slag processing [J]. International Journal of Mineral Processing,2017,158:1-7. 15]提出了一种新的铜渣处理技术:先采用高温碱浸提取SiO2,在最佳条件下,SiO2的回收率超过70%;再从后续渣中回收其他有价金属。该方法能有效避免硅胶的形成。Wan等[ Wan X Y,Dou Z H,Hao J,et al. Recovery of value-added products from copper slag by pyrometallurgy:transfer and structure of arsenic compounds [J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering,2023,11(3):109868. 56]利用高温SO2烟气对铜渣进行硫酸化焙烧,再水浸提取有价金属,最终获得的Cu、Co和Ni浸出率分别为81.6%、91.8%和95.8%。
微生物浸出技术通过菌株自身代谢产物与矿物发生氧化还原反应,使金属以离子形式溶解到溶液中,再从浸出液中分离提取。该技术在低品位矿山、大宗固废、冶炼渣等领域均有良好应用前景,具有环境影响小、成本低和金属提取效率高等优势,已受到广泛研究[ Zhang C Y,Zhang Y Y,Zhang Z H,et al. Effective separation and recovery of valuable metals from copper slag:a comprehensive review [J]. Environmental Research,2025,283:122145. Kaksonen A H,Särkijärvi S,Peuraniemi E,et al. Metal biorecovery in acid solutions from a copper smelter slag [J]. Hydrometallurgy,2017,168:135-140. Kambole C,Paige-Green P,Kupolati W K,et al. Comparison of technical and short-term environmental characteristics of weathered and fresh blast furnace slag aggregates for road base applications in South Africa [J]. Case Studies in Construction Materials,2019,11:e00239. 余伟奇. 铜渣资源化利用研究现状及展望 [J]. 铜业工程,2023(4):173-179. 57-60]。
目前,用于冶炼渣浸出的微生物菌株主要为细菌和真菌,包括氧化亚铁硫杆菌、氧化硫硫杆菌、氧化亚铁钩端螺旋菌、曲霉菌、青霉菌等,这些菌株在生物浸出应用中展现出巨大潜力[ Ettler V,Mihaljevič M,Drahota P,et al. Cobalt-bearing copper slags from Luanshya (Zambian Copperbelt):mineralogy,geochemistry,and potential recovery of critical metals [J]. Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2022,237:106987. Siwiec G,Oleksiak B,Matuła T,et al. Reduction of copper slag with the use of carbon granulates [J]. Metalurgija,2014,53(4):585-587. 61-62]。菌株对冶炼渣的浸出效果主要受pH值、矿浆浓度、浸出温度、反应时间和接种量等因素影响。其中,嗜酸微生物具有高耐酸性,在pH=0.7的环境中仍保持繁殖能力,适合生物浸出过程。微生物浸出过程分为直接浸出和间接浸出。直接浸出时,菌株通过氧化环境中的S或Fe2+获取能量并吸附在矿物表面,促进氧化剂与矿物基质的直接接触,促进矿物的溶解;间接浸出时,微生物可以将硫化物氧化为硫酸根或将Fe2+氧化为Fe3+,作为间接浸出反应的氧化剂[ Tian H Y,Pan J,Zhu D Q,et al. Improved beneficiation of nickel and iron from a low-grade saprolite laterite by addition of limonitic laterite ore and CaCO3 [J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology,2020,9(2):2578-2589. 63]。Liu等[ Liu Y,Xu L,Chen M. Green and efficient recovery of valuable metals from waste copper slag via co-modification with CaO and Na2O [J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection,2023,180:959-971. 64]研究发现,随着生物浸出矿浆浓度的增加,金属浸出率先升高后降低。Erüst等[ Erüst C,Akcil A,Gahan C S,et al. Biohydrometallurgy of secondary metal resources:a potential alternative approach for metal recovery [J]. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology,2013,88(12):2115-2132. 65]发现升高温度可以促进细菌增殖并提高其氧化能力,同时也发现过高或过低的温度不利于细菌生长,从而影响提取效率。
要实现铜渣中Cu、Fe的高效协同回收,关键在于理解二者在工艺过程中物相转变与相互作用的规律。在还原焙烧过程中,铁橄榄石(Fe2SiO4)被还原为金属铁,而铜以硫化铜或氧化铜的形式存在。在还原气氛下,金属铜易与金属铁形成Fe-Cu固溶体或合金相,这是导致铜铁分离困难的根本原因[ Sun J J,Xie Z,Jiang T G,et al. Experimental and mechanistic study on the recovery of copper,iron,zinc and cobalt from copper slag by low-temperature roasting with sulfuric acid-ammonium persulfate combined with water-leaching [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2025,521:166710. Ren Y Z,Zhang B,Zhou S W,et al. Reaction thermodynamics and slag-metal separation behavior during copper slag cleaning [J]. Materials Transactions,2025,66(9):1208-1218. 杨慧芬,景丽丽,党春阁. 铜渣中铁组分的直接还原与磁选回收 [J]. 中国有色金属学报,2011,21(5):1165-1170. 66-68]。热力学计算表明,当温度高于1100 ℃时,Fe-Cu合金相的形成自由能为负值,二者互溶度显著增加。
近年来,针对铜渣中铜铁协同提取的工艺相继被提出,包括还原焙烧-磁选-浮选联合工艺、选择性还原-浸出联合工艺、氧化焙烧-浸出-磁选联合工艺等[ Cao B W,Wang N,Chen M. Synergistic reduction of BOF slag and copper slag:metal recovery and secondary slag stabilization [J]. ISIJ International,2025,65(8):1124-1132. Bhatti S A,Qiao X C. Synergistic effect of carbothermal reduction and sodium salts leaching in the process of iron recovery from copper slag [J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection,2025,193:170-182. 69-70]。其中,还原焙烧-磁选主要是:控制还原条件(温度、时间、还原剂用量),使Fe转化为磁性铁或金属铁,Cu以金属铜或铜硫化物形态存在;先磁选回收Fe,再对磁选尾矿进行浮选回收Cu,实现铜铁分步回收。此外,添加选择性硫化剂或调控还原气氛,优先还原Fe而抑制Cu的还原,或使Cu以易浸出的形态存在,再通过酸浸选择性溶出Cu,也可实现铜铁分离。例如,在还原过程中添加少量黄铁矿(FeS2),可促进Cu以Cu2S形式稳定存在,后续酸浸可选择性浸出Cu,而将Fe保留在渣相中。
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